Contribution of pegmatite shells to magmatic evolution and rare metal mineralization: Insights from the Shihuiyao deposit, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China

Abstract

Highly evolved granite associated with pegmatite shells exhibits significant potential for rare metal min-eralization; however, the mechanisms through which these pegmatite shells contribute to magmatic evo-lution and rare metal enrichment remain poorly understood. The Late Jurassic Shihuiyao Nb-Ta-(Rb-Be- Li) deposit is one of the largest rare-metal deposits in the Southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR), Northeast China. Exploratory trenches expose distinct layered zones from top to bottom: alternating microcline pegmatite and aplite layers (zone I), topaz lepidolite albite granite and lepidolite amazonite pegmatite (zone II), and muscovite albite granite (zone III). We conducted U-Pb dating of cassiterite, monazite, and Nb-Ta oxide, monazite Nd isotopes, and whole-rock and mineral geochemistry for the three zones. Multi-mineral U-Pb ages indicate that the three zones formed during the Late Jurassic- Early Cretaceous (147-142 Ma). Geochemical analyses of whole-rock, mica, and microcline suggest an evolutionary sequence from zone I to zone III, and finally to zone II. The Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, Y/Ho, and K/Rb ratios combined with the rare earth element (REE) tetrad effects suggest higher degree of differentiation and fluid-melt interaction of the Shihuiyao leucogranite without a pegmatite shell compared to coeval barren granites from both Shihuiyao and the SGXR. A progressive increase in the degree of evolution is evident from the leucogranite without a pegmatite shell to the leucogranite with a discontinuous shell, and ultimately to the leucogranite with a continuous shell. The pegmatite shell acted as a geochemical barrier that facilitated the accumulation of Li and F in the underlying magma, which played a crucial role in lowering the solidus temperature of the granitic magma. This process prolonged the crystallization duration while reducing melt viscosity and density, thereby creating favorable conditions for magma dif-ferentiation and fluid-melt interaction. Rapid crystallization of the earlier water-and Be-rich melt led to the Be mineralization in the pegmatite shell. Moreover, the formation of this shell served as a barrier for Li mineralization in the underlying topaz lepidolite albite granite. This study enhances our understanding of the critical contribution of pegmatite shells to magmatic evolution and rare-metal mineralization.

Keywords

Pegmatite shell / Highly fractionated granite / Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution / Fractional crystallization / Fluid–melt interaction

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zhichao Zhang: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Validation, Investigation, Formal analysis. Zheng Ji: Validation, Resources, Methodology, Conceptualization. Yusheng Zhu: Validation, Investigation. Hao Yang: Validation, Investigation. Zhenyu Chen: Investigation. Haoran Wu: Investiga-tion. Yongzhi Wang: Validation, Investigation. Wenchun Ge: Val-idation, Resources, Methodology, Conceptualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement

We appreciate the Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China for EPMA analysis and the State Key Laboratory of Litho-spheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Beijing, China for LA-ICP-MS elemental analysis of topaz, mica, and micro-cline, LA-ICP-MS monazite, cassiterite, and Nb–Ta oxide U–Pb dat-ing, and monazite Nd isotope. We also appreciate Solution Analytical Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China, for whole-rock major and trace element analysis. The work was financially sup-ported by the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS (IGGCAS-202205), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92062216 and 42102046), Doctoral Students’ Scientific Research and Innovation Capability Enhance-ment Program of Jilin Province (JJKH20250074BS), and Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University (2024CX231).

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102042.

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