Warm continental subduction initiated by back-arc collapse: Evidence from remote south-west Tasmania

Abstract

The Tasmanian microcontinent, situated along the East Gondwana accretionary margin during the late Neoproterozoic and early Palaeozoic, contains an unequivocal high-pressure metamorphic record comprising key information pertaining to the geodynamics of subduction along the margin. Subduction of the Tasmanian microcontinent is interpreted by some as a response to back-arc basin inversion prior to ophiolite obduction and high-pressure metamorphism during the Cambrian Tyennan Orogeny. However, thermobarometric evidence in support of such a model from rocks once positioned on the subducting continental margin is lacking. Despite occurrences of eclogite-facies mineral assemblages in the strongly deformed Tyennan Region of western Tasmania, garnet-bearing quartzofeldspathic assemblages documented in metasedimentary lithologies from the remote south-west coast of Tasmania have been interpreted as an expression of low- to moderate-pressure metamorphism. We report a strongly overprinted chlorite-quartz-garnet-bearing assemblage from the southern Tyennan Region (Nye Bay) which shows evidence for high-pressure metamorphism. Coarse-grained garnet porphyroblasts contain inclusions of kyanite, muscovite, and rutile, and yield in-situ Lu–Hf dates of c. 520 Ma. The cm-scale garnet porphyroblasts are zoned in the major and trace elements, preserving core-rim compositional gradients reflecting garnet growth up-pressure. Aided by mineral equilibria forward modelling, the garnet rim compositions and the Zr content of Cambrian rutile constrain peak metamorphic conditions of ∼ 17.5–19 kbar and ∼ 780–820 °C, equivalent to warm subduction thermal gradients between 410–470 °C/GPa. Garnet core compositions and the Ti content of quartz inclusions in the garnet cores constrain the pressures and temperatures for garnet nucleation to ∼ 6–7 kbar and ∼ 560–580 °C, corresponding to relatively high prograde thermal gradients between 800–965 °C/GPa. The thermal gradients determined from the south-west Tasmanian metamorphic record provide a direct window into the progressive evolution of the thermal state of the Cambrian subduction system, with the physical conditions of garnet nucleation potentially reflecting those of subduction initiation. The corresponding warm thermal gradients provide evidence for subduction initiation driven by the collapse of a pre-orogenic back-arc. This interpretation is consistent with an existing tectonic model for the Tyennan Orogeny which proposes a back-arc basin origin for the protoliths to the western Tasmanian sub-ophiolitic metamorphic sole.

Keywords

High-pressure metamorphism / Subduction / Back-arc / Tyennan Orogeny / East Gondwana

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Dillon A. Brown: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Martin Hand: Writing – review & editing, Validation, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Laura J. Morrissey: Writing – review & editing, Validation, Supervision. Justin L. Payne: Writing – review & editing, Investigation. Andrew W. McNeill: Writing – review & editing, Resources.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by Australian Research Council (ARC) grant DP16010437 to MH. LJM is supported by an ARC DECRA Fellowship, DE210101126. We acknowledge Sarah Gilbert and Ben Wade for their assistance with the operation of analytical instrumentation at Adelaide Microscopy. Thanks is given to Joe Petrus, Bence Paul, and Alex De Vries Van Leeuwen for fielding queries regarding data processing in Iolite v4. Grace Cumming is thanked for early engagement with the project which made it possible to obtain legacy sample NB-64 for data acquisition. We would also like to thank Jack Mulder for helpful discussions on the tectonics and regional geology of western Tasmania. Exceptionally constructive reviews provided by Johann Diener, Bruno Ribeiro, and an anonymous reviewer are greatly appreciated. Kristoffer Szilas is thanked for providing editorial support, prompt communication, and patience. AMcN publishes with the permission of the Director, Mineral Resources Tasmania.

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