Laboratory experiments of carbon mineralization potential of the main terrestrial basalt reservoirs in China

Abstract

Against the background of realizing the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, using basaltic rocks for carbon mineralization is one of the most promising approaches to reduce the rise in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. This study conducted a series of experiments to assess carbon mineralization in nine basalt samples from the main terrestrial basalt reservoirs in China within CO₂-H₂O/brine-rock systems at low temperatures (≤35 °C). The results indicate that the secondary carbonates formed in the CO₂-H₂O/brine-basalt system are predominantly calcite rather than Mg-carbonate minerals at low temperatures (≤35 °C). Hence, at low temperatures (≤35 °C), basalt rich in Ca-bearing minerals promotes the formation of stable carbonate minerals more effectively than basalt containing Mg-bearing minerals. Furthermore, under conditions of low temperatures (≤35 °C) and pressures of approximately 3 MPa, the results suggest that alkaline olivine basalt, with a higher content of Ca-minerals and typical alkaline minerals (nepheline and Na-sanidine), exhibits the highest pH value and the highest amount of calcite. Hence, the alkaline minerals, nepheline and Na-sanidine, serve as pH buffers to increase the pH and promote the precipitation of calcite within CO₂-H₂O– basalt systems at low temperatures (≤35 °C). Among the nine evaluated basalts, basalt from the Shandong Linqu-Changle volcanic basin exhibits the highest rate of carbon mineralization at low temperatures (≤35 °C). Hence, Cenozoic alkaline olivine basalt from Shandong Linqu-Changle volcanic basin is one of the most promising basalt reservoirs in China for future in- situ carbonation. As for ex- situ carbonation, compared with olivine, diopside or Ca-plagioclase may be more appropriate for increasing ocean negative emissions.

Keywords

Basalt / Calcite / CO₂ storage / Mineral carbonation / Negative emissions

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Yanning Pan: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Data curation, Conceptualization. Yunhua Liu: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Methodology, Conceptualization. Zengqian Hou: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Conceptualization. Qiang Sun: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Conceptualization. Nianzhi Jiao: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization. Guochen Dong: Writing – review & editing. Jihua Liu: Writing – review & editing. Gaoxue Yang: Writing – review & editing. Huiting Zhang: Writing – review & editing. Hailiang Jia: Writing – review & editing. Hao Huang: Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

We thank editor and reviewers for valuable comments on this manuscript. The research basalt samples from Shandong, Guizhou, Fenghuangshan and Tengchong were support by Jinting Huang, Chen Guo, Yao Xu and Zipei Guo are greatly appreciated. This manuscript benefitted from constructive discussions with Qingmin Shi, Yue Cai, Yuehua Deng, Xiang Gao and Hongyi Fu. We would also like to acknowledge the lab assistance of Shiheng Bai, Zhuming Wang, Minwu Liu and Xijuan Tan at Laboratory of Mineralization and Dynamics of Chang'an University. We thank Wei Zhao, Jinwen Fan, Hongju Wu, Huajing Li and Kaiqiang Guo at Analysis and Testing Center of Xi’an University of Science and Technology. This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program No. 41872219 and Grant No. 42303052) and by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2023YFE0120500). This research was also funded by the Major Project of Inner Mongolia Science and Technology, China (Grant No. 2021ZD0034) and supported by Science and Technology Plan Projects in Shaanxi Province, China (No. 2023-JC-YB-236).

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