Spatio-temporal analysis of Permian-Cretaceous magmatic activities in the Tengchong block: Implications for tectono-magmatic evolution

Abstract

Understanding the tectono-magmatic evolution history of the Tengchong block is crucial for elucidating the formation of the Eastern Tethys tectonic domain. However, the correlation and evolution of the Tengchong block with the Sibumasu and Lhasa blocks is controversial during the Permian and Cretaceous. This study explores the information contained within magmatic rocks using big data and spatio-temporal analysis, providing quantitative constraints for the discussion of the tectono-magmatic evolution of the Tengchong block. To more accurately assess true magma activities and reduce errors caused by preservation and sampling processes, we utilized local singularity analysis to obtain the singularity index time-series. Correlation analysis of zircon ages and ε_Hf(t) (correlation coefficient ≥ 0.5) values indicates that the Tengchong block is more similar to the Sibumasu block. Results from time-lagged cross-correlation analysis indicate that the Tengchong block and Sibumasu block exhibit a shorter lag in magmatic activities (3 Myr). Wavelet analysis reveals similar periods of collision-related magmatic activities (57 Myr and 43 Myr). Integrating evidence from paleontology and ophiolite belts, we propose that the Tengchong block co-evolved more closely with the Sibumasu block than with the Lhasa block, suggesting similar tectonic processes during the Early Permian to Early Cretaceous. Approximately 250–236 Ma, in the western Tengchong block, partial melting of the lower crust occurs due to crustal thickening. Around 219–213 Ma and 198–180 Ma, after the Tengchong block collided with the Eurasian continent, the subduction of the Meso-Tethys Ocean commenced. Around 130–111 Ma, the overall tectonic feature was a scissor-like closure of the Meso-Tethys Ocean from north to south.

Keywords

Big data / Local singularity analysis / Spatio-temporal analysis / Tengchong block / Zircon and whole-rock

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Xinkun Yang: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Validation, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Zhenjie Zhang: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Yuanzhi Zhou: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Investigation, Conceptualization. Jie Yang: Investigation, Conceptualization.

Acknowledgments

We sincerely appreciate the editor for the insights and suggestions provided for this study. This work was supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFC2906402); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2652023001); and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42472358, 42430111 and 42050103).

References

L.P. Black, S.L. Kamo, I.S. Williams, R. Mundil, D.W. Davis, R.J. Korsch, C. Foudoulis. The application of SHRIMP to Phanerozoic geochronology; a critical appraisal of four zircon standards. Chem. Geol., 200 (2003), pp. 171-188,

Bu, X.F., 2014. Geochemistry, Geochronology and Space-time Evolvement of Granites in Nujiang Area of Northwestern Yunnan. M.S. thesis. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), pp. 61 (in Chinese with English abstract).

H.W. Cao, S.T. Zhang, J.Z. Lin, L. Zheng, J.D. Wu, D. Li. Geology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Jiaojiguanliangzi Fe-polymetallic deposit, Tengchong County, Western Yunnan (China): Regional tectonic implications. J. Asian Earth Sci., 81 (2014), pp. 142-152,

H.W. Cao, H. Zou, Y.H. Zhang, S.T. Zhang, L. Zheng, L.K. Zhang, L. Tang, Q.M. Pei. Late Cretaceous magmatism and related metallogeny in the Tengchong area: Evidence from geochronological, isotopic and geochemical data from the Xiaolonghe Sn deposit, western Yunnan, China. Ore Geol. Rev., 78 (2016), pp. 196-212,

H.W. Cao, Y.H. Zhang, Q.M. Pei, R.Q. Zhang, L. Tang, B. Lin, G.J. Cai. U-Pb dating of zircon and cassiterite from the Early Cretaceous Jiaojiguan iron-tin polymetallic deposit, implications for magmatism and metallogeny of the Tengchong area, western Yunnan, China. Int. Geol. Rev., 59 (2017), pp. 234-258,

H.W. Cao, Y.H. Zhang, L. Tang, S.P. Hollis, S.T. Zhang, Q.M. Pei, C. Yang, X.S. Zhu. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes of Jurassic-Cretaceous granites in the Tengchong terrane, SW China: implications for the Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of the Eastern Tethyan Tectonic Domain. Int. Geol. Rev., 61 (2019), pp. 257-279,

A.J. Cavosie, S.A. Wilde, D. Liu, P.W. Weiblen, J.W. Valley. Internal zoning and U-Th-Pb chemistry of Jack Hills detrital zircons: a mineral record of early Archean to Mesoproterozoic (4348–1576 Ma) magmatism. Precambrian Res., 135 (2004), pp. 251-279,

B.W. Chappell, A.N. Sial, W.E. Stephens, V.P. Ferreira. Aluminium saturation in I- and S-type granites and the characterization of fractionated haplogranites. Lithos, 46 (1999), pp. 535-551,

C. Chatfield, H. Xing. The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction with R. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2019)

X.C. Chen, R.Z. Hu, X.W. Bi, H.M. Li, J.B. Lan, C.H. Zhao, J.J. Zhu. Cassiterite LA-MC-ICP-MS U/Pb and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating of tin deposits in the Tengchong-Lianghe tin district, NW Yunnan, China. Miner. Depos., 49 (2014), pp. 843-860,

Y.B. Chen, S.Z. Li, J. Liu, S.H. Jiang, Y.N. Liu, Y.B. Peng. Microplate boundaries and patterns in the southern Tibetan Plateau revealed by gravity and magnetic data. Tectonophysics, 856 (2023), Article 229858,

S.S. Chen, R.D. Shi, W.M. Fan, X.H. Gong, K. Wu. Early Permian mafic dikes in the Nagqu area, central Tibet, China, associated with embryonic oceanic crust of the Meso-Tethys Ocean. J. Geophys Res. Solid Earth., 122 (2017), pp. 4172-4190,

Q. Chen, C.M. Wang, L. Bagas, B. Du, K.X. Shi, L.F. Yang, J.X. Zhu, H.Y. Duan. Petrogenesis of the Late Triassic Biluoxueshan granitic pluton, SW China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Sanjiang Orogen. J. Asian Earth Sci., 211 (2021), Article 104700,

Y.F. Chen, Z.M. Zhang, Z.L. Tian, X. Dong, H.X. Ding, H.C. Mu, D.Y. Kang, Y.S. Li. Early Mesozoic magmatism and tectonic evolution of east-central Tibet. Int. J. Earth Sci., 107 (2018), pp. 2767-2784,

Q.M. Cheng. Mapping singularities with stream sediment geochemical data for prediction of undiscovered mineral deposits in Gejiu, Yunnan Province. China. Ore Geol. Rev., 32 (2007), pp. 314-324,

Q.M. Cheng. Fractal density and singularity analysis of heat flow over ocean ridges. Sci. Rep., 6 (2016), p. 19167,

Q.M. Cheng. Singularity analysis of global zircon U-Pb age series and implication of continental crust evolution. Gondwana Res., 51 (2017), pp. 51-63,

Q.M. Cheng. Singularity analysis of magmatic flare-ups caused by India-Asia collisions. J. Geochem. Explor., 189 (2018), pp. 25-31,

X. Cheng, B.T. Wei, N. Jiang, Y.N. Zhou, V.A. Kravchinsky, Q.L. Chen, L.Y. Xing, D.M. Zhang, T. Li, S.Q. Lan, X.H. Deng, F.F. Liu, H.N. Wu. Evolution of the North Qiangtang Block in the late Paleozoic: Paleomagnetism and its tectonic implications. GSA Bull., 136 (1/2) (2024), pp. 707-724,

Z.Y. Chu, W. Wang, F.K. Chen, X.L. Wang, X.H. Li, J.Q. Ji. Os-Nd-Pb-Sr isotopic compositions of the Santaishan ultramafic rock in western Yunnan and its geological significances. Acta Petrol. Sin., 25 (2009), pp. 3221-3228

F. Cong, S.L. Lin, H.F. Tang, T. Xie, Z.H. Li, G.F. Zou, Z.M. Peng, T. Liang. Trace elements and Hf isotope compositions and U-Pb age of igneous zircons from the Triassic granite in Lianghe. Western Yunnan. Acta Geol. Sin., 84 (2010), pp. 1155-1164

F. Cong, S.L. Lin, G.F. Zou, Z.H. Li, T. Xie, Z.M. Peng, T. Liang. Magma mixing of granites at Lianghe: In-situ zircon analysis for trace elements, U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes. Sci. China Earth Sci., 54 (2011), pp. 1346-1359,

J. Deng, Q.F. Wang, G.J. Li, C.S. Li, C.M. Wang. Tethys tectonic evolution and its bearing on the distribution of important mineral deposits in the Sanjiang region, SW China. Gondwana Res., 26 (2014), pp. 419-437,

R. Dew, C.K. Morley, T.A. Myint, A. Collins. Age and provenance of the Chaung Magyi Group, Yeywa Dome, Myanmar, based on U-Pb dating of detrital zircons. J. Asian Earth Sci., 184 (2019), Article 103967,

R.E.C. Dew, S. Nachtergaele, A.S. Collins, S. Glorie, J. Foden, J. De Grave, M.L. Blades, C.K. Morley, N.J. Evans, B.L. Alessio, P. Kanjanapayont, R. King, P. Charusiri. Data analysis of the U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf system in zircon and whole-rock Sr, Sm-Nd and Pb isotopic systems for the granitoids of Thailand. Data Brief., 21 (2018), pp. 1794-1809,

B. Efron. Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. Ann. Stat., 7 (1979), pp. 1-26

J.J. Fan, Y.L. Niu, Y.M. Liu, Y.J. Hao. Timing of closure of the Meso-Tethys Ocean: Constraints from remnants of a 141–135 Ma ocean island within the Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone, Tibetan Plateau. GSA Bull., 133 (2021), pp. 1875-1889,

Y. Fang, Y.H. Zhang, S.T. Zhang, H.W. Cao, H. Zou, J.H. Dong. Early Cretaceous I-type granites in the Tengchong terrane: New constraints on the late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of southwestern China. Geosci. Front., 9 (2018), pp. 459-470,

Y.J. Gao, S.L. Lin, F. Cong, G.F. Zou, L. Chen, T. Xie. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions of zircons from lower Cretaceous diorite-dykes in Lianghe area, western Yunnan, and their geological implications. Geol. Bull. China, 33 (2014), pp. 1482-1491

N.J. Gardiner, M.P. Searle, C.K. Morley, M.P. Whitehouse, C.J. Spencer, L.J. Robb. The closure of Palaeo-Tethys in Eastern Myanmar and Northern Thailand: New insights from zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope data. Gondwana Res., 39 (2016), pp. 401-422,

N.J. Gardiner, M.P. Searle, C.K. Morley, L.J. Robb, M.J. Whitehouse, N.M.W. Roberts, C.L. Kirkland, C.J. Spencer. The crustal architecture of Myanmar imaged through zircon U-Pb, Lu-Hf and O isotopes: Tectonic and metallogenic implications. Gondwana Res., 62 (2018), pp. 27-60,

A. Grinsted, J.C. Moore, S. Jevrejeva. Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series. Nonlinear Process Geophys., 11 (2004), pp. 561-566,

X.H. He, Z. Liu, G.C. Wang, N. Leonard, W. Tao, S.C. Tan. Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Early Cretaceous granitoids in the eastern Tengchong terrane, SW China: Constraint on the evolution of Meso-Tethys. Lithosphere, 12 (2020), pp. 150-165,

I.W. Hillenbrand, K.E. Karlstrom, M.L. Williams, A. Gilmer, W. Premo, P. Davis. Geochemical evidence for evolving Proterozoic crustal thickness and orogenic styles in southwestern Laurentia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 622 (2023), Article 118417,

Z.Q. Hou, H.R. Zhang. Geodynamics and metallogeny of the eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. Ore Geol. Rev., 70 (2015), pp. 346-384,

X.M. Hu, A.L. Ma, W.W. Xue, E. Garzanti, Y. Cao, S.M. Li, G.Y. Sun, W. Lai. Exploring a lost ocean in the Tibetan Plateau: Birth, growth, and demise of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean. Earth-Sci. Rev., 229 (2022), Article 104031,

X.C. Hu, B. Xia, Q.T. Huang, W.L. Liu, Y. Zhong, Y.J. Yuan, L.Z. Xia, Y. Wu, X. Zhang. Geochemistry, geochronology, and petrogenesis of mid-Cretaceous Talabuco volcanic rocks, central Tibet: implications for the evolution of the Bangong Meso-Tethys. Int. Geol. Rev., 59 (2017), pp. 484-501,

H. Huang, X.C. Jin, Y.K. Shi, H.F. Wang, J.B. Zheng, P. Zong. Fusulinid-bearing oolites from the Tengchong Block in western Yunnan, SW China: Early Permian warming signal in the eastern peri-Gondwana. J. Asian Earth Sci., 193 (2020), Article 104307,

Z.Y. Huang, X.X. Qi, G.Z. Tang, J.K. Liu, L.H. Zhu, Z.C. Hu, Y.H. Zhao, C. Zhang. The identification of early Indosinian tectonic movement in Tengchong block, western Yunnan: Evidence of zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotope for Nabang diorite. Geol. China, 40 (2013), pp. 730-741

H. Jiang, K.D. Zhao, S.Y. Jiang, W.Q. Li, K. Zaw, D. Zhang. Late Triassic post-collisional high-K two-mica granites in Peninsular Thailand, SE Asia: Petrogenesis and Sn mineralization potential. Lithos, 398–399 (2021), Article 106290,

X.C. Jin, H. Huang, Y.K. Shi, L.P. Zhan. Lithologic boundaries in Permian post-glacial sediments of the Gondwana-affinity regions of China: Typical sections, age range and correlation. Acta Geol. Sin.-English Edition, 85 (2011), pp. 373-386,

C.B. Keller, B. Schoene. Statistical geochemistry reveals disruption in secular lithospheric evolution about 2.5 Gyr ago. Nature, 485 (2012), pp. 490-493,

C.B. Keller, B. Schoene. Plate tectonics and continental basaltic geochemistry throughout Earth history. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 481 (2018), pp. 290-304,

P.D. Kinny, R. Maas. Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope systems in zircon. Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 53 (2003), pp. 327-341,

P.W. Li, R. Gao, J.W. Cui, Y. Guan. Paleomagnetic analysis of eastern Tibet: implications for the collisional and amalgamation history of the Three Rivers Region, SW China. J. Asian Earth Sci., 24 (2004), pp. 291-310,

Z.H. Li, S.L. Lin, F. Cong, G.F. Zou, T. Xie. Indosinian orogenesis of the Tengchong-Lianghe block Western Yunnan: evidence from zircon U-Pb dating and petrogenesis of granitoids. Acta Petrol. Mineral., 29 (2010), pp. 298-312

Z.H. Li, S.L. Lin, F. Cong, T. Xie, G.F. Zou. U-Pb ages of zircon from metamorphic rocks of the Gaoligongshan Group in western Yunnan and its tectonic significance. Acta Petrol. Sin., 28 (2012), pp. 1529-1541

X.R. Li, J. Wang. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of the Middle Permian siliceous clastics and basalt from Central Qiangtang, Northern Tibet: Implications for the evolution of Permian. J. Earth Sci., 30 (2019), pp. 286-295,

X.M. Li, X.D. Wang. Permian corals in the Baoshan and Tengchong blocks of western Yunnan and their paleogeographical implications. J. Nanjing Univ. (Natural Science), 58 (2022), pp. 720-729

H.Q. Li, Z.Q. Xu, Z.H. Cai, Z.M. Tang, M. Yang. Indosinian epoch magmatic event and geological significance in the Tengchong block, western Yunnan Province. Acta Petrol. Sin., 27 (2011), pp. 2165-2172

J.X. Li, L.Y. Zhang, W.M. Fan, L. Ding, Y.L. Sun, T.P. Peng, G.M. Li, K. Sein. Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution and metallogeny in Myanmar: Evidence from zircon/cassiterite U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology. Ore Geol. Rev., 102 (2018), pp. 829-845,

H.M. Liu, Y.Q. Chen, Z. Shang. Zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry and geological significance of the Santaishan-Yingjiang ultramafic rocks in Western Yunnan, China. Minerals, 13 (2023), p. 536,

C.Z. Liu, S.L. Chung, F.Y. Wu, C. Zhang, Y. Xu, J.G. Wang, Y. Chen, S. Guo. Tethyan suturing in Southeast Asia: Zircon U-Pb and Hf-O isotopic constraints from Myanmar ophiolites. Geology, 44 (2016), pp. 311-318,

S. Liu, C.X. Feng, M. Santosh, G. Feng, M. Xu, M.C. Ian, X. Guo, Z. Guo, Y. Fan. Geochronology and genetic model for Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the Southern Qiangtang Terrane, Northern Tibet, China: Constraints from U-Pb zircon dating, whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic data. Acta Geol. Sin. (English Edition), 92 (2018), pp. 2157-2178,

D.L. Liu, R.D. Shi, L. Ding, Q.S. Huang, X.R. Zhang, Y.H. Yue, L.Y. Zhang. Zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotopic compositions of Mesozoic granitoids in southern Qiangtang, Tibet: Implications for the subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean. Gondwana Res., 41 (2017), pp. 157-172,

Z. Luo, S. Atamturktur, C.H. Juang. Bootstrapping for characterizing the effect of uncertainty in sample statistics for braced excavations. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 139 (2013), pp. 13-23,

G. Luo, X.C. Jia, X.J. Yang, C.L. Xiong, X.Z. Bai, B.X. Huang, X.L. Tan. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of southern Menglian granite in Tengchong area of western Yunnan Province and its tectonic implications. Geol. Bull. China, 31 (2012), pp. 287-296

S. Mallat. A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing. Academic Press (1999)

F. Manna, J. Kennel, B.L. Parker. Understanding mechanisms of recharge through fractured sandstone using high-frequency water-level-response data. Hydrogeol. J., 30 (2022), pp. 1599-1618,

W. Mao, H. Zhong, J.H. Yang, Y.W. Tang, L. Liu, Y.Z. Fu, X.C. Zhang, K. Sein, S.M. Aung, J. Li, L. Zhang. Combined zircon, molybdenite, and cassiterite geochronology and cassiterite geochemistry of the Kuntabin tin-tungsten deposit in Myanmar. Econ. Geol., 115 (2020), pp. 603-625,

W. Mao, H. Zhong, J.H. Yang, L. Liu, Y.Z. Fu, X.C. Zhang, Y.W. Tang, J. Li, L. Zhang, K. Sein, S.M. Aung, S.M.T.L. Paw, S.H. Doh. Geochronology of Sn mineralization in Myanmar: Metallogenic implications. Econ. Geol., 117 (2022), pp. 1387-1403,

I. Metcalfe. Pre-Cretaceous evolution of SE Asian terranes. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 106 (1996), pp. 122-197,

I. Metcalfe. Tectonic framework and Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland. Gondwana Res., 19 (2011), pp. 3-21,

I. Metcalfe. Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys. J. Asian Earth Sci., 66 (2013), pp. 1-33,

I. Metcalfe. Multiple Tethyan ocean basins and orogenic belts in Asia. Gondwana Res., 100 (2021), pp. 87-130,

C.K. Morley. Understanding Sibumasu in the context of ribbon continents. Gondwana Res., 64 (2018), pp. 184-215

C.K. Morley, Y. Wang. The Cenozoic hyper-oblique collision zone of Indochina: A re-appraisal of escape tectonics. Earth-Sci. Rev., 243 (2023), Article 104453,

C.K. Morley, T.T. Naing, M. Searle, S.A. Robinson. Structural and tectonic development of the Indo-Burma ranges. Earth-Sci. Rev., 200 (2020), Article 102992

C.K. Morley, S. Chantraprasert, J. Kongchum, K. Chenoll. The West Burma Terrane, a review of recent paleo-latitude data, its geological implications and constraints. Earth-Sci. Rev., 220 (2021), Article 103722,

T.T. Naing, S.A. Robinson, M.P. Searle, C.K. Morley, I. Millar, O.R. Green, P.R. Bown, T. Danelian, M.R. Petrizzo, G.M. Henderson. Age, depositional history and tectonics of the Indo-Myanmar Ranges. Myanmar. J. Geol. Soc., 180 (5) (2023), Article jgs2022-091,

S.W. Ng, M.J. Whitehouse, M.P. Searle, L.J. Robb, A.A. Ghani, S. Chung, G.J.H. Oliver, M. Sone, N.J. Gardiner, M.H. Roselee. Petrogenesis of Malaysian granitoids in the Southeast Asian tin belt: Part 2. U-Pb zircon geochronology and tectonic model. GSA Bull., 127 (2015), pp. 1238-1258,

S.W. Ng, M.J. Whitehouse, M.H. Roselee, C. Teschner, S. Murtadha, G.J.H. Oliver, A.A. Ghani, S. Chang. Late Triassic granites from Bangka, Indonesia: A continuation of the Main Range granite province of the South-East Asian Tin Belt. J. Asian Earth Sci., 138 (2017), pp. 548-561,

F. Nie, G.C. Dong, X.X. Mo, D.C. Zhu, M.L. Dong, X. Wang. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb chronology of the Triassic granites in the Changning-Menglian suture zone and their implications. Acta Petrol. Sin., 28 (2012), pp. 1465-1476

G. Oliver, K. Zaw, M. Hotson, S. Meffre, T. Manka. U-Pb zircon geochronology of Early Permian to Late Triassic rocks from Singapore and Johor: A plate tectonic reinterpretation. Gondwana Res., 26 (2014), pp. 132-143,

J.E. Österle, U. Klötzli, D.F. Stockli, M. Palzer-Khomenko, P. Kanjanapayont. New age constraints on the Lan Sang gneiss complex, Thailand, and the timing of activity of the Mae Ping shear zone from in-situ and depth-profile zircon and monazite U-Th-Pb geochronology. J. Asian Earth Sci., 181 (2019), Article 103886,

J.A. Pearce. Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes J. Int. Geosci., 19 (1996), pp. 120-125

J.A. Pearce, N.B.W. Harris, A.G. Tindle. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J. Petrol., 25 (1984), pp. 956-983,

S.L. Peng, T.P. Peng, W.M. Fan, G.C. Zhao, X.H. Dong, Y.M. Liu, L.M. Wu, K. Seing, H.M. Soe, M.M. Aung. Initial opening of the Neotethyan Ocean in SE Asia: Constraints from Triassic magmatism and sedimentation. GSA Bull., 135 (5–6) (2023), pp. 1127-1138,

Y.B. Peng, S.Y. Yu, S.Z. Li, Y.J. Liu, M. Santosh, P. Lv, Y.S. Li, W.M. Xie, Y.M. Liu. The odyssey of Tibetan Plateau accretion prior to Cenozoic India-Asia collision: Probing the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Suture. Earth-Sci. Rev., 211 (2020), Article 103376,

X.X. Qi, C. Wei, C. Zhang, S.Q. Zhang, Z.C. Hu, F.B. Ji. Southward extension of the Bangonghu-Nujiang Suture: Evidence from Early Cretaceous intermediate and felsic magmatism in the Gaoligong Orogen, China. J. Asian Earth Sci., 175 (2019), pp. 1-25,

X.X. Qi, H. Sheng, C. Wei, Y.F. Ren, Z.H. Cai, F.B. Ji, F. Liang, X. Liu. Longlin-Ruili subduction-accretionary complex belt in the southeastern Gaoligong orogen, and its relationship with the evolution of the Meso-Tethyan Ocean. Acta Petrol. Sin., 37 (2021), pp. 3067-3094

L.X. Quek, A.A. Ghani, S.L. Chung, S. Li, Y.M. Lai, M. Saidin, M.H. Amir Hassan, M.A. Muhammad Ali, M.H. Badruldin, A.F. Abu Bakar. Mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in amphibole-bearing granites of the Bintang batholith, Main Range granite province: Evidence for a meta-igneous basement in Western Peninsular Malaysia. J. Asian Earth Sci., 143 (2017), pp. 11-29,

M.P. Searle, M.J. Whitehouse, L.J. Robb, A.A. Ghani, C.S. Hutchison, M. Sone, S.W.P. Ng, M.H. Roselee, S.L. Chung, G.J.H. Oliver. Tectonic evolution of the Sibumasu-Indochina terrane collision zone in Thailand and Malaysia; constraints from new U-Pb zircon chronology of SE Asian tin granitoids. J. Geol. Soc., 169 (2012), pp. 489-500,

C.H. Shen. Analysis of detrended time-lagged cross-correlation between two nonstationary time series. Phys. Lett. A, 379 (2015), pp. 680-687,

Y.R. Shi, J.L. Anderson, Z.H. Wu, Z.Y. Yang, L.L. Li, J. Ding. Age and origin of Early Paleozoic and Mesozoic granitoids in Western Yunnan Province, China: Geochemistry, SHRIMP zircon ages, and Hf-in-zircon isotopic compositions. J. Geol., 124 (2016), pp. 617-630,

M.F. Shi, F.C. Lin, W.Y. Fan, H. Wang, F. Cong, H.P. Zhu. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of the monzogranites in the Pilok tin tungsten mining area, western Thailand, and its geological implications. Geol. Bull. China, 34 (2015), pp. 769-779

S.J. Sun, W.D. Sun, L.P. Zhang, R.Q. Zhang, C.Y. Li, H. Zhang, Y.B. Hu, Z.R. Zhang. Zircon U-Pb ages and geochemical characteristics of granitoids in Nagqu area. Tibet. Lithos, 231 (2015), pp. 92-102,

P.J. Sylvester, J. Liegeois. Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites. Lithos, 45 (1998), pp. 29-44,

Y. Tang, Q.G. Zhai, S.L. Chung, P.Y. Hu, J. Wang, X.C. Xiao, B. Song, H.T. Wang, H.Y. Lee. First mid-ocean ridge-type ophiolite from the Meso-Tethys suture zone in the north-central Tibetan plateau. GSA Bull., 132 (2020), pp. 2202-2220,

P.J. Voice, M. Kowalewski, K.A. Eriksson. Quantifying the timing and rate of crustal evolution; global compilation of radiometrically dated detrital zircon grains. J. Geol., 119 (2011), pp. 109-126,

G.C. Wang, Z. Liu, S.C. Tan, X.H. He, Y. Wang, C.S. Qi, H. Ye. Petrogenesis of the Early Jurassic Longtang and Menglong peraluminous granites in Tengchong Terrane, and their tectonic implication. Acta Geol. Sin.-Engl. Ed., 96 (6) (2022), pp. 1979-1990,

X.D. Wang, T. Sugiyama, K. Ueno, Y. Mizuno, Y.J. Li, W. Wang, W.X. Duan, J.C. Yao. Carboniferous and Permian zoogeographical change of the Baoshan block southwest China. Acta Palaeontol. Sin., 39 (4) (2000), pp. 493-506

R. Wang, R. Tafti, Z.Q. Hou, Z.C. Shen, N. Guo, N.J. Evans, H. Jeon, Q.Y. Li, W.K. Li. Across-arc geochemical variation in the Jurassic magmatic zone, Southern Tibet: Implication for continental arc-related porphyry Cu-Au mineralization. Chem. Geol., 451 (2017), pp. 116-134,

B.D. Wang, L.Q. Wang, S.L. Chung, J.L. Chen, F.G. Yin, H. Liu, X.B. Li, L.K. Chen. Evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan ocean: Insights from the geochronology and geochemistry of mafic rocks within ophiolites. Lithos, 245 (2016), pp. 18-33,

E.B. Watson, T.M. Harrison. Zircon saturation revisited: temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 64 (1983), pp. 295-304,

Y.Q. Wei, Z.D. Zhao, Y.L. Niu, D.C. Zhu, D. Liu, Q. Wang, Z.Q. Hou, X.X. Mo, J.C. Wei. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Early Jurassic Yeba Formation volcanic rocks in southern Tibet: Initiation of back-arc rifting and crustal accretion in the southern Lhasa Terrane. Lithos, 278–281 (2017), pp. 477-490,

J. Westerweel, P. Roperch, A. Licht, G. Dupont-Nivet, Z. Win, F. Poblete, G. Ruffet, H.H. Swe, M.K. Thi, D.W. Aung. Burma Terrane part of the Trans-Tethyan Arc during collision with India according to palaeomagnetic data. Nat. Geosci., 12 (2019), pp. 863-868,

J.B. Whalen, K.L. Currie, B.W. Chappell. A-type granites; geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 95 (1987), pp. 407-419,

H. Wopfner, R. Hall, D.J. Blundell. Gondwana origin of the Baoshan and Tengchong terranes of West Yunnan. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ, 106 (1996), pp. 539-547,

H. Wopfner, X.C. Jin. Pangea Megasequences of Tethyan Gondwana-margin reflect global changes of climate and tectonism in Late Palaeozoic and Early Triassic times-A review. Palaeoworld, 18 (2009), pp. 169-192,

H. Wu, Z. Qiangba, C. Li, Q. Wang, W. Gesang, O. Ciren, D. Basang. Geochronology and geochemistry of Early Cretaceous granitic rocks in the Dongqiao Area, Central Tibet: implications for magmatic origin and geological evolution. J. Geol., 126 (2018), pp. 249-260,

J.C. Xie, D.C. Zhu, G.C. Dong, Z.D. Zhao, Q. Wang, X.X. Mo. Linking the Tengchong Terrane in SW Yunnan with the Lhasa Terrane in southern Tibet through magmatic correlation. Gondwana Res., 39 (2016), pp. 217-229,

M.J. Xu, C. Li, W. Xu, C.M. Xie, P.Y. Hu, M. Wang. Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of gabbros from the Zhongcang Ophiolitic Mélange, Central Tibet: Implications for an intra-oceanic subduction zone within the Neo-Tethys Ocean. J. Earth Sci., 25 (2014), pp. 224-240,

Y.G. Xu, Q.J. Yang, J.B. Lan, Z.Y. Luo, X.L. Huang, Y.R. Shi, L.W. Xie. Temporal-spatial distribution and tectonic implications of the batholiths in the Gaoligong-Tengliang-Yingjiang area, western Yunnan: Constraints from zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes. J. Asian Earth Sci., 53 (2012), pp. 151-175,

B.G.M.R. Yunnan. Regional Geology of Yunnan Province. Geology Publishing House, Beijing (1990)

X.W. Zeng, M. Wang, J.J. Fan, C. Li, C.M. Xie, Y.M. Liu, T.Y. Zhang. Geochemistry and geochronology of gabbros from the Asa Ophiolite, Tibet: Implications for the early Cretaceous evolution of the Meso-Tethys Ocean. Lithos, 320–321 (2018), pp. 192-206,

Q.G. Zhai, P.Y. Hu, Y. Tang, Y.M. Liu, W. Wang. Early Jurassic lithospheric delamination in the Amdo microcontinent, central Tibet: inferred from coeval OIB- and MORB-like gabbros. Lithos, 456–457 (2023), Article 107314,

Y.C. Zhang, L.R. Cheng, S.Z. Shen. Late Guadalupian (Middle Permian) Fusuline Fauna from the Xiala Formation in Xainza County, Central Tibet: Implication of the rifting time of the Lhasa Block. J. Paleontol., 84 (2010), pp. 955-973,

J.Y. Zhang, T.P. Peng, W.M. Fan, G.C. Zhao, X.H. Dong, J.F. Gao, B.X. Peng, C. Wei, X.P. Xia, L.L. Chen, X.R. Liang. Petrogenesis of the Early Cretaceous granitoids and its mafic enclaves in the Northern Tengchong Terrane, southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications. Lithos, 318–319 (2018), pp. 283-298,

J.Y. Zhang, W.M. Fan, T.P. Peng, L. Ratschbacher. Southeastern continuation of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone: Constraints from Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in the western Baoshan block, SW China. J. Asian Earth Sci., 221 (2021), Article 104944,

J.Y. Zhang, W.M. Fan, T.P. Peng, L. Ratschbacher. An Early Cretaceous arc-back-arc system in western Yunnan, SW China: Constraints from U-Pb zircon ages and geochemistry of volcanic rocks in the western Baoshan block. Lithos, 422–423 (2022), Article 106753,

B.C. Zhang, J.J. Fan, A.B. Luo, S.L. Sun, J.W. Bai. Middle−Late Jurassic subduction erosion caused by intra-oceanic arc subduction in central Tibet. GSA Bull. in Press (2024),

Y.C. Zhang, G.R. Shi, S.Z. Shen. A review of Permian stratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaeogeography of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Gondwana Res., 24 (2013), pp. 55-76,

Y.H. Zhang, Y.S. Wang, W.S. Wang, J. Liu, L.L. Yuan. Zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes and mineral chemistry of Early Cretaceous granodiorite in the Lunggar iron deposit in central Lhasa, Tibet Y. China. J. Cent. South Univ., 26 (2019), pp. 3457-3469,

S.W. Zhao, S.C. Lai, J.F. Qin, R.Z. Zhu. Tectono-magmatic evolution of the Gaoligong belt, southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau: Constraints from granitic gneisses and granitoid intrusions. Gondwana Res., 35 (2016), pp. 238-256,

S.W. Zhao, S.C. Lai, J.F. Qin, R.Z. Zhu, J.B. Wang. Geochemical and geochronological characteristics of Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene granitoids in the Tengchong Block, Southwestern China: Implications for crustal anatexis and thickness variations along the eastern Neo-Tethys subduction zone. Tectonophysics, 694 (2017), pp. 87-100,

S.W. Zhao, C. Yang, S.C. Lai, X.Z. Pei, Z.C. Li, R.Z. Zhu. Multistage Fractional crystallization in the continental arc magmatic system: Constraints from the appinites in Tengchong Block, southeastern extension of Tibet. Lithosphere, 2021 (2021), p. 3367816,

Y.F. Zheng, P. Gao. The production of granitic magmas through crustal anatexis at convergent plate boundaries. Lithos, 402 (2021), Article 106232,

Y.F. Zhong, J. Duo, Q.G. Zeng, X.Y. Huang, Q. Ye, H.Y. Liu. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age and geochemical characteristics of the acid intrusive rocks in the Lhaguo Tso area of Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. Tibet. Arab. J. Geosci., 12 (2019), p. 231,

Y. Zhong, B. Xia, W.L. Liu, Z.X. Yin, X.C. Hu, W. Huang. Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Jurassic Namco-Renco ophiolites. Tibet. Int. Geol. Rev., 57 (2015), pp. 508-528,

Y. Zhong, W.L. Liu, B. Xia, J.N. Liu, Y. Guan, Z.X. Yin, Q.T. Huang. Geochemistry and geochronology of the Mesozoic Lanong ophiolitic mélange, northern Tibet: Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic evolution. Lithos, 292–293 (2017), pp. 111-131

Y.Z. Zhou, Q.M. Cheng, Y. Liu, P.P. Zhu, G.P. Wu, Z.J. Zhang, J. Yang. Singularity analysis of igneous zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotopic record in the Zhongdian arc, northwest Yunnan, China: Implications for Indosinian magmatic flare-up and the formation of porphyry copper deposits. Ore Geol. Rev., 139 (2021), Article 104476,

Zhou, S.M., 2019. Petrogenesis of the LateTriassic-Early Eocene granitoids in the Tengchong block. Ph.D thesis. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), pp. 168 (in Chinese with English abstract).

R.Z. Zhu, S.C. Lai, J.F. Qin, S.W. Zhao. Early-Cretaceous highly fractionated I-type granites from the northern Tengchong block, western Yunnan, SW China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications. J. Asian Earth Sci., 100 (2015), pp. 145-163,

D.C. Zhu, Z.D. Zhao, Y. Niu, Y. Dilek, Z.Q. Hou, X.X. Mo. The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Gondwana Res., 23 (2013), pp. 1429-1454,

D.C. Zhu, S.M. Li, P.A. Cawood, Q. Wang, Z.D. Zhao, S.A. Liu, L.Q. Wang. Assembly of the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes in central Tibet by divergent double subduction. Lithos, 245 (2016), pp. 7-17,

G.F. Zou, S.L. Lin, Z.H. Li, F. Cong, T. Xie. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Longtang granite in the Lianghe Area, Western Yunnan and its tectonic implications. Geotect. Metall., 35 (2011), pp. 439-451