Stabilizing inverse ringwoodite with defects, and a possible origin for the 560-km seismic discontinuity

Abstract

Ringwoodite is an important mineral in the mantle transition zone, and its cationic disorder can profoundly affect its physicochemical properties, but there is currently much controversy about this disorder. In this study, we investigate the cation disorder states of pure Mg₂SiO₄-ringwoodite and defective ringwoodite under mantle transition zone conditions through DFT calculations and thermodynamic models. Two stable endmembers are seen, one with normal ringwoodite structure and the other with inverted structure (its Si atoms and half of its Mg atoms have swapped sites). Our results indicate that pure ringwoodite does not invert (swap Mg and Si cations) under normal mantle temperatures but the introduction of a Si-excess, Mg-deficient defect induces a swap at normal mantle temperatures and this swap is likely induced by a wide range of defects including water. Thus, in the presence of such a defect or similar defects the olivine phase transition sequence may then go from olivine to wadsleyite to inverse ringwoodite, and then normal ringwoodite. We calculate the seismic properties of normal and inverse ringwoodite and find significantly slower wave speeds in inverted ringwoodite. Due to this difference the presence of inverse ringwoodite may provide a potential explanation for the discontinuous interface of seismic waves at the depth of ∼560 km.

Keywords

Normal ringwoodite / Inverse ringwoodite / Cation disorder / Defects / 560-km seismic discontinuity

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Xuwei Zhao: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joshua M.R. Muir: Methodology, Writing – review & editing. Mingda Lv: Software, Data curation. Zhigang Zhang: Resources, Methodology. Xinjian Bao: Formal analysis. Xi Liu: Writing – review & editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB42000000) and by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42373034).

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