Age and fluid source constraints of the Haoyaoerhudong orogenic gold deposit, North China: Evidence from geochronology and noble gas isotopes

Abstract

The Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit, located in the northwestern part of the North China craton (NCC), has produced over 120 metric tonnes (t) of gold since 2007. It has a total reserve of > 240 t at average gold grade of 0.62 g/t, making it one of the largest open pit gold mines in China. The steeply dipping, large-tonnage, low-grade, vein- or veinlet-type gold orebodies are hosted in strongly-deformed Mesoproterozoic carbonaceous schist of the Bayan Obo Group. The laminated/boudinaged veins/veinlets in the sinistral ductile–brittle shear zones are dominated by quartz, biotite, gold-bearing löllingite, pyrrhotite, (arseno)pyrite, with minor native gold, titanite and xenotime. In this paper, we present new in situ U–Pb geochronological data on magmatic zircon from the pre-ore dikes, on metamorphic and hydrothermal xenotime, and on hydrothermal titanite from the hydrothermally altered carbonaceous schist and auriferous quartz–sulfides veins/veinlets, as well as He-Ar isotopic analysis on gold-bearing (arseno)pyrite in the syn-ore stage. The metamorphic xenotime U–Pb age of 426 ± 6.0 Ma (2σ) records a regional metamorphic event, possibly related to the accretion of the Bainaimiao arc onto the NCC. Two pre-ore andesitic dikes yielded similar emplacement ages at ∼ 278 Ma constrained by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb zircon data. Hydrothermal xenotime grains from the altered carbonaceous schist and auriferous quartz–sulfides veins yielded U–Pb ages of 256.0 ± 4.1 Ma (2σ) and 254.4 ± 2.1 Ma (2σ), respectively, overlapping with that of the hydrothermal titanite at 255.4 ± 0.8 Ma (2σ) from the laminated quartz–sulfides veinlets. This indicates that the gold mineralization occurred at ca. 255 Ma. The ∼ 255 Ma gold mineralization age is much younger than the previously reported Early–Middle Permian regional magmatic activity (ca. 291 Ma to 268 Ma), and may be associated with the regional sinistral strike-slip event in the late orogenic cycle related to the collision between the Siberian craton and the NCC. The ³He/⁴He (R/Ra) and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar values of the gold-bearing (arseno)pyrite are 0.04 to 0.09 (average = 0.07) and 375.8 to 2023 (average = 1045), which reveal the ore-forming fluids dominantly originated from the crustal rocks, with limited involvement from the mantle. Collectively, our new geochronological data, noble gas isotopic analyses, and geological evidence support a typical orogenic gold deposit model at Haoyaoerhudong.

Keywords

Xenotime / Titanite / In situ U-Pb dating / Noble gas / Orogenic gold deposit / North China Craton

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Chenglong Fan: Writing - original draft. Jingwen Mao: Writing - review & editing. Huishou Ye: Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Yitian Wang: Writing - review & editing. Junchen Liu: Writing - review & editing. Wei Jian: Writing - review & editing. Xuyang Meng: Writing - review & editing. Wenhao Tang: Writing - review & editing. Weiwei Chao: Writing - review & editing. Peng Wang: Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge financial support from the Academic-Industry Cooperation Project (grant HE1913) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41972094). Bin Shi is thanked for helping with the SEM analysis. We thank Huan Wang and Shitou Wu for their help in the age dating. We gratefully acknowledge two local geologists Xiping Lv and Zhihui Dou from Inner Mongolia Pacific Mining Co., Ltd. for their kindly assistance in fieldwork. We also thank Thomas Ulrich and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments and valuable revisions to this manuscript.

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