Reply to Bullock et al. (2026) on ecosystem service models are indeed being validated

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Paulo Pereira: Writing - original draft. Miguel Inacio: Writing - review & editing. Damia Barcelo: Writing - review & editing. Wenwu Zhao: Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Paulo Pereira and Wenwu Zhao are Associate Editors-in-Chief for this journal and were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the European Union NextGeneration EU through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Component 9. I8., grant number 760104/May 23, 2023, code CF 245/November 29, 2022. This work was supported by the project “Sensing, Mapping, Interconnecting: Tools for soil functions and services evaluation” supported by the Romanian Government, Ministry of the Innovation and Digitization through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) PNRR-III-C9-2022-I8, contract no CF245/29.11.2022.

References

[1] Baltranaite E., Inacio M., Pinto L.V., Bogdziewicz K., Rocha J., Gomes E., Pereira P., 2025. Tourism impacts on marine and coastal ecosystem services: a systematic review. Geogr. Sustain. 6, 100277. doi: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100277.

[2] Boerema A., Rebelo A.J., Bodi M.B., Ester K.J., Meire P., 2017. Are ecosystem services adequately quantified? J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 358-370. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12696.

[3] Bullock J.M., Hooftman D.A.P., Redhead J.W., Willcock S., 2026. Ecosystem service models are indeed being validated: a response to Pereira et al. ( 2025). Geogr. Sustain. 7, 100412. doi: 10.1016/j.geosus.2026.100412.

[4] Gomes E., Inacio M., Bogdzevi č K., Kalinauskas M., Karnauskaite D., Pereira P., 2021. Future land use and land cover changes and its impacts on terrestrial ecosystem services: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 781, 146716. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146716.

[5] Inacio M., Baltranaite E., Mei š utovi č-Akhtarieva M., Barcelo D., Zhao W., Pereira P., 2025. Mapping agriculture ecosystem services. A systematic review. Sci. Total Environ. 981, 179499. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179499.

[6] Inacio M., Barcelo D., Zhao W., Pereira P., 2022. Mapping ecosystem services in lakes: a systematic review. Sci. Total Environ. 847, 157561. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157561.

[7] Kalinauskas M., Bogdzevi č K., Gomes E., Inácio M., Barcelo D., Zhao W., Pereira P., 2023. Mapping and assessment of recreational cultural ecosystem services supply and demand in Vilnius (Lithuania). Sci. Total Environ. 855, 158590. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158590.

[8] Kalinauskas M., Shuhani Y., Valença Pinto L., Inacio M., Pereira P., 2024. Mapping ecosystem services in protected areas. A systematic review. Sci. Total Environ. 912, 169248. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169248.

[9] Ochoa V., Urbina-Cardona N., 2017. Tools for spatially modeling ecosystem services: publication trends, conceptual reflections and future challenges. Ecosyst. Serv. 26, 155-169. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.011.

[10] Pereira P., Inacio M., Barcelo D., Zhao W., 2025. Ecosystem services mapping and modelling. Where is the validation? Geogr. Sustain. 6, 100286. doi: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100286.

[11] Pereira P., Inacio M., Pinto L., Bogdzevic K., Kalinauskas M., Zhao W., 2024. Mapping ecosystem services in urban and peri-urban areas. A systematic review. Geogr. Sustain. 5, 491-509. doi: 10.1016/j.geosus.2024.06.002.

[12] Salmond J.A., Tadaki M., Vardoukalis S., Arbuthnott K., Coutts A., Demuzere M., Dirks K.N., Heaviside C., Lim S., Macintyre H., McInnes R., Wheeler B.W., 2016. Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment. Environ. Health 15, S3. doi: 10.1186/s12940-016-0103-6.

[13] Vaz A.S., Amorim F., Pereira P., Antunes S., Rebelo H., Oliveira N.G., 2021. Integrating conservation targets and ecosystem services in landscape spatial planning from Portugal. Landsc. Urban Plan. 215, 104213. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104213.