Estimation model and future projections for leaf longevity in alpine grasslands based on XGBoost-SHAP algorithm: A case study of the Three-Rivers-Source Region, China
Yuxi Wang , Lin Zhang
Geography and Sustainability ›› 2026, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (3) : 100452
Alpine grasslands are highly sensitive to environmental changes, with leaf longevity crucially modulating carbon cycling. Addressing uncertainties in long-term leaf longevity dynamics, driving mechanisms and its interplay with net primary productivity (NPP), we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in leaf longevity and NPP of the Three-Rivers-Source Region (TRSR) from 2003 to 2022 using multi-source remote sensing data. Key drivers of leaf longevity were identified using XGBoost-SHAP algorithm and lasso regression, while a causality-based model projected future trajectories. Results showed that over 81 % of the study area exhibited a significant leaf longevity extension (9.32 days decade−1), mainly due to delayed leaf senescence date. Concurrently, regional NPP increases were dominated by summer gains. There was a non-linear positive correlation between leaf longevity and NPP, confirming that longer leaf longevity enhanced carbon uptake by prolonging photosynthesis. However, this marginal gain declined once leaf longevity surpassed the ecological threshold (about 150 days), indicating that after summer vegetation activity peaks, relying solely on extending the growing season does not lead to substantial net carbon gains, and the carbon sink becomes saturated. Temperature consistently drove leaf longevity variation, while enhanced solar radiation exerted increasing influence, highlighting the greater importance of photothermal resources for foliar phenology. Projections suggested continued leaf longevity extension under SSP245 and SSP585 climate scenarios, with short-term NPP increasing but long-term stagnating or declining. These findings emphasize that alpine grassland management should prioritize ecosystem sustainability and adaptive resilience over maximizing leaf longevity, especially under extreme climate stresses, offering key insights for carbon sequestration optimization and restoration strategies in global alpine ecosystems.
Leaf longevity / Net primary productivity / Phenology / XGBoost-SHAP / Future predictions / The Three-Rivers-Source Region (TRSR)
| [1] |
Amaral, J., Lobo, A.K.M., Carmo-Silva, E., 2023. Regulation of Rubisco activity in crops. New Phytol. 241 (1), 35-51. doi: 10.1111/nph.19369. |
| [2] |
An, S., Chen, X.Q., Shen, M.G., Zhang, X.Y., Lang, W.G., Liu, G.H., 2022. Increasing interspecific difference of alpine herb phenology on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Front. Plant Sci. 13, 844971. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844971. |
| [3] |
Bai, L., Tian, L., Ren, Z.G., Song, X.H., Yu, K.L., Meng, L., Hou, Z.F., Ren, H.Y., 2024. Climate warming advances plant reproductive phenology in China’s northern grasslands. J. Plant Ecol. 17 (6), rtae080. doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtae080. |
| [4] |
Bruelheide, H., Dengler, J., Purschke, O., 2018. Global trait-environment relationships of plant communities. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2 (12), 1906-1917. doi: 10.1038/s41559-018-0699-8. |
| [5] |
Chen, T., Guestrin, C., 2016. XGBoost: a scalable tree boosting system. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD’16, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 785-794. doi: 10.1145/2939672.2939785. |
| [6] |
Chen, Z.T., Liu, H.Y., Xu, C.Y., Wu, X.C., Liang, B.Y., Cao, J., Chen, D.L., 2021. Modeling vegetation greenness and its climate sensitivity with deep-learning technology. Ecol. Evol. 11 (12), 7335-7345. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7564. |
| [7] |
Chen, H., Ju, P.J., Zhu, Q., Xu, X.L., Wu, N., Gao, Y.H., Feng, X.J., Tian, J.Q., Niu, S.L., Zhang, Y.J., Peng, C.H., Wang, Y.F., 2022. Carbon and nitrogen cycling on the Qinghai-Tibetan. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 3 (10), 701-716. doi: 10.1038/s43017-022-00344-2. |
| [8] |
Chen, Y., Zhao, Q., Liu, Y.M., Zeng, H., 2025a. Exploring the impact of natural and human activities on vegetation changes: an integrated analysis framework based on trend analysis and machine learning. J. Environ. Manag. 374, 124092. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124092. |
| [9] |
Chen, Y.Y., Yang, X.R., Zhang, T.W., Zhao, Y.P., Sun, Y.G., Ma, M.J., 2025b. Warming promotes divergent shift in sequential phenophases of alpine meadow plants. Agric. For. Meteorol. 368, 110521. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110521. |
| [10] |
Fu, Y.S.H., Zhou, X.C., Li, X.X., Zhang, Y.R., Geng, X.J., Hao, F.H., Zhang, X., Hanninen, H., Guo, Y.H., De Boeck, H.J., 2020. Decreasing control of precipitation on grassland spring phenology in temperate China. Glob. Planet. Chang. 30 (2), 490-499. doi: 10.1111/geb.13234. |
| [11] |
Ganjurjav, H., Gornish, E., Hu, G.Z., Wu, J.S., Wan, Y.F., Li, Y., Gao, Q.Z., 2020. Phenological changes offset the warming effects on biomass production in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. J. Ecol. 109 (2), 1014-1025. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.13531. |
| [12] |
Gu, H.S., Qiao, Y.X., Xi, Z.X., Rossi, S., Smith, N.G., Liu, J.Q., Chen, L., 2022. Warming-induced increase in carbon uptake is linked to earlier spring phenology in temperate and boreal forests. Nat. Commun. 13 (1), 3698. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31496-w. |
| [13] |
Hawinkel, P., Swinnen, E., Lhermitte, S., Verbist, B., Van Orshoven, J., Muys, B., 2015. A time series processing tool to extract climate-driven interannual vegetation dynamics using ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Remote Sens. Environ. 169, 375-389. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2015.08.024. |
| [14] |
He, F.Q., Li, Q., Chen, D.D., Luo, C.Y., Zhang, Y.K., Zhang, L., Pan, S.C., Zhao, Z.J., Zhao, L., 2025. Water availability regulates the carbon uptake period and amplitude of net ecosystem exchange in alpine grasslands of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 372, 110656. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110656. |
| [15] |
Hong, H., Sun, J.P., Lv, W.W., Zhang, S.R., Xia, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, A., Lv, J.Y., Li, B.W., Wu, J., Liu, S.Z., Luo, C.Y., Zhang, Z.H., Jiang, L.L., Dorji, T., Wang, S.P., 2022. Warming delays but grazing advances leaf senescence of five plant species in an alpine meadow. Sci. Total Environ. 858, 159858. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159858. |
| [16] |
Hou, Y.Z., Zhao, W.W., Zhan, T.Y., Hua, T., Pereira, P., 2024. Alpine meadow and alpine steppe plant-soil network in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Catena 244, 108235. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2024.108235. |
| [17] |
Hu, Y., Fu, B.J., Michaelides, K., De Kauwe, M.G., Wang, J., Shen, M.G., Zhang, W.M., Wang, Y., Xiao, X.M., Qin, Y.W., Feng, X.M., Wu, C.Y., Chen, Y.Z., Wang, Z.Z., Wan, L.F., 2025. Contrasting trends in onset of spring green-up between grasslands and forests in China. Earths Future 13 (3), e2024EF005379. doi: 10.1029/2024EF005379. |
| [18] |
Jeong, S., Ho, C.H., Gim, H.J., Brown, M.E., 2011. Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008. Glob. Chang. Biol. 17 (7), 2385-2399. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x. |
| [19] |
Ji, S.A., Lü, W.W., Classen, A.T., Wang, W.Y., La, B., Lu, X.W., Cuo, S.Z., Chen, C.H., Miao, Q., Sun, F.H., Tsering, L., Wang, S.P., 2024. Alpine plants exhibited deep supercooling upon exposed to episodic frost events during the growing season on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J. Plant Ecol. 17 (3), rtae034. doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtae034. |
| [20] |
Kikuzawa, K., Onoda, Y., Wright, I.J., Reich, P.B., 2013. Mechanisms underlying global temperature-related patterns in leaf longevity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 22 (8), 982-993. doi: 10.1111/geb.12042. |
| [21] |
Li, C.H., Yu, H.L., Xu, Y.X., Zhu, W.W., Wang, P., Huang, J.Y., 2022. Close linkages between leaf functional traits and soil and leaf C: N: P stoichiometry under altered precipitation in a desert steppe in northwestern China. Plant Ecol. 223 (4), 407-421. doi: 10.1007/s11258-021-01218-1. |
| [22] |
Li, M.R., Abuduwailia, J., Liu, W., Feng, S., Saparov, G., Ma, L., 2024. Application of geographical detector and geographically weighted regression for assessing landscape ecological risk in the Irtysh River Basin, Central Asia. Ecol. Indic. 158, 111540. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111540. |
| [23] |
Li, Y.Y., Lan, A.J., Xiong, K.N., Zhang, W.F., Xiang, S., Zhang, B.S., 2025a. Value realization of grassland ecosystem products in the karst desertification control: spatial variability, drivers and decision-making. Ecol. Evol. 15 (4), e71168. doi: 10.1002/ece3.71168. |
| [24] |
Li, M., Cao, W.X., Li, X., Li, Q.H., 2025b. Elevational variation and driving factors of leaf functional traits in alpine shrubs of Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve, China. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 59, e03555. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03555. |
| [25] |
Liu, X.G., Chen, Y.N., Li, Z., Li, Y.P., Zhang, Q.F., Zan, M., 2021. Driving forces of the changes in vegetation phenology in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens. (23) 4952. doi: 10.3390/rs13234952. |
| [26] |
Liu, Y.X., Zhang, X.Y., Shen, Y., Ye, Y.C., Gao, S., Tran, K.H., 2024. Evaluation of PlanetScope-detected plant-specific phenology using infrared-enabled PhenoCam observations in semi-arid ecosystems. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 210, 242-259. doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.03.017. |
| [27] |
Liu, X.F., Sun, G.P., Fu, Z., Ciais, P., Feng, X.M., Li, J., Fu, B.J., 2023. Compound droughts slow down the greening of the Earth. Glob. Chang. Biol. 29 (11), 3072-3084. doi: 10.1111/gcb.16657. |
| [28] |
Liu, S.J., Wang, Z.J., Kumilamba, G., Yu, L.F., 2025. Optimizing green space configuration for mitigating land surface temperature: a case study of karst mountainous cities. Sust. Cities Soc. 125, 106345. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2025.106345. |
| [29] |
Lu, M.H., Yu, D.Y., Dong, W., Huang, T., Li, X.Y., 2025. Shift regime of multiphase water in the Three-River-Source Region. J. Hydrol. 661, 133582. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133582. |
| [30] |
Ma, L., Zhang, Z.H., Shi, G.X., Su, H.Y., Qin, R.M., Chang, T., Wei, J.J., Zhou, C.Y., Hu, X., Shao, X.Q., Sun, J., Zhou, H.K., 2022. Warming changed the relationship between species diversity and primary productivity of alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecol. Indic. 145, 109691. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109691. |
| [31] |
Ma, P.F., Zhao, J.X., Zhang, H.Z., Zhang, L., Luo, T.X., 2023. Increased precipitation leads to earlier green-up and later senescence in Tibetan alpine grassland regardless of warming. Sci. Total Environ. 871, 162000. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162000. |
| [32] |
Mahmood, R., Jia, S.F., Ai, Z.P., 2024. Projected intensified hydrological processes in the three-river headwater region, Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. Water Resour. Res. 60 (5), e2023WR036072. doi: 10.1029/2023WR036072. |
| [33] |
Marqués, L., Hufkens, K., Bigler, C., Crowther, T.W., Zohner, C.M., Stocker, B.D., 2023. Acclimation of phenology relieves leaf longevity constraints in deciduous forests. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7 (2), 198-204. doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01946-1. |
| [34] |
Meng, F.D., Huang, L., Chen, A.P., Zhang, Y., Piao, S.L., 2021. Spring and autumn phenology across the Tibetan Plateau inferred from normalized difference vegetation index and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. Big Earth Data 5 (2), 182-200. doi: 10.1080/20964471.2021.1920661. |
| [35] |
Meng, F.D., Felton, A.J., Mao, J.F., Cong, N., Smith, W.K., Koerner, C., Hu, Z.M., Hong, S.B., Knott, J., Yan, Y.Z., Guo, B.X., Deng, Y., Leisz, S., Dorji, T., Wang, S.P., Chen, A.P., 2024. Consistent time allocation fraction to vegetation green-up versus senescence across northern ecosystems despite recent climate change. Sci. Adv. 10 (23), eadn2487. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn2487. |
| [36] |
Montibeller, B., Marshall, M., Mander, Ü., Uuemaa, E., 2022. Increased carbon assimilation and efficient water usage may not compensate for carbon loss in European forests. Commun. Earth Environ. 3 (1), 194. doi: 10.1038/s43247-022-00535-1. |
| [37] |
Osnas, J.L.D., Katabuchi, M., Kitajima, K., Wright, S.J., Reich, P.B., Van Bael, S.A., Kraft, N.J.B., Samaniego, M.J., Pacala, S.W., Lichstein, J.W., 2018. Divergent drivers of leaf trait variation within species, among species, and among functional groups. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115 (21), 5480-5485. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1803989115. |
| [38] |
Peng, S.Z., Ding, Y.X., Wen, Z.M., Chen, Y.M., Cao, Y., Ren, J.Y., 2017. Spatiotemporal change and trend analysis of potential evapotranspiration over the Loess Plateau of China during 2011-2100. Agric. For. Meteorol. 233, 183-194. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.11.129. |
| [39] |
Peng, S.Z., 2022. 1 km Multi-Scenario and Multi-Model Monthly Temperature Data for China (2021-2100). National Tibetan Plateau /Third Pole Environment Data Center (accessed 15 May 2025). |
| [40] |
Piao, S.L., Fang, J.Y., Zhou, L.M., Ciais, P., Zhu, B., 2006. Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China’s temperate vegetation. Glob. Chang. Biol. 12 (4), 672-685. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x. |
| [41] |
Piao, S.L., Liu, Q., Chen, A.P., Janssens, I.A., Fu, Y.S., Dai, J.H., Liu, L.L., Lian, X., Shen, M.G., Zhu, X.L., 2019. Plant phenology and global climate change: current progresses and challenges. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25 (6), 1922-1940. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14619. |
| [42] |
Reich, P.B., 2014. The world-wide ‘fast-slow’ plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. J. Ecol. 102 (2), 275-301. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12211. |
| [43] |
Ren, P.X., Li, P., Zhou, X.L., Liu, Z.L., Tang, J.Y., Zhang, C.C., Zou, Z.Y., Li, T., Peng, C.H., 2024. Shifts in plant phenology significantly affect the carbon allocation in different plant organs. Ecol. Lett. 27 (11), e70024. doi: 10.1111/ele.70024. |
| [44] |
Shen, M.G., Wang, S.P., Jiang, N., Sun, J., Cao, R.Y., Ling, X.F., Fang, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, L.H., Xu, X.Y., Lv, W.W., Li, B.L., Sun, Q.L., Meng, F.D., Jiang, Y.H., Dorji, T., Fu, Y.S., Iler, A., Vitasse, Y., Steltzer, H., Ji, Z.M., Zhao, W.W., Piao, S.L., Fu, B.J., 2022a. Plant phenology changes and drivers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 3 (10), 633-651. doi: 10.1038/s43017-022-00317-5. |
| [45] |
Shen, X.J., Liu, B.H., Henderson, M., Wang, L., Jiang, M., Lu, X.G., 2022b. Vegetation greening, extended growing seasons, and temperature feedbacks in warming temperate grasslands of China. J. Clim. 35 (15), 5103-5117. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0325.1. |
| [46] |
Su, Y., Tang, Y.F., Hu, Y., Liu, M.Y., Lu, X.Y., Duan, B.L., 2024. Exploring plant adaptation strategies to phosphorus limitation induced by nitrogen addition: foliar phosphorus allocation and root functional traits analysis in two dominant subalpine tree species. J. Plant Ecol. 17 (4), rtae060. doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtae060. |
| [47] |
Subasinghe, K., Prober, S.M., Williams, K.J., Ware, C., Gardner, J.L., 2025. Australian birds track climate warming over decades via shifts in bill morphology. Commun. Biol. 8 (1), 633. doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-08042-7. |
| [48] |
Sun, Q.L., Li, B.L., Zhou, G.Y., Jiang, Y.H., Yuan, Y.C., 2020. Delayed autumn leaf senescence date prolongs the growing season length of herbaceous plants on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 284, 107896. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107896. |
| [49] |
Sun, J.P., Lv, W.W., Li, B.W., Zhou, Y., Luo, C.Y., Zhang, Z.H., Wang, A., Lv, J.Y., Liu, S.Z., Wu, J., Dorji, T., Wang, S.P., 2023. Asymmetric warming reduces the strength of selection pressure of moderate grazing on reproductive phenology in alpine plants. Sci. Total Environ. 894, 164980. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164980. |
| [50] |
Thornthwaite, C., 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev. 38 (1), 55-94. doi: 10.2307/210739. |
| [51] |
Tian, Y.Y., Jiang, G.H., Wu, S.D., Zhou, D.Y., Zhou, T., Tian, Y.Y., Chen, T.Q., 2023. Cropland-grassland use conversions in the agro-pastoral areas of the Tibetan Plateau: spatiotemporal pattern and driving mechanisms. Ecol. Indic. 146, 109819. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109819. |
| [52] |
Tran, K.H., Zhang, X.Y., Ketchpaw, A.R., Wang, J.M., Ye, Y.C., Shen, Y., 2022. A novel algorithm for the generation of gap-free time series by fusing harmonized Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 observations with PhenoCam time series for detecting land surface phenology. Remote Sens. Environ. 282, 113275. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2022.113275. |
| [53] |
Wang, H., Liu, H.Y., Cao, G.M., Ma, Z.Y., Li, Y.K., Zhang, F.W., Zhao, X., Zhao, X.Q., Jiang, L., Sanders, N.J., Classen, A.T., He, J.S., 2020. Alpine grassland plants grow earlier and faster but biomass remains unchanged over 35 years of climate change. Ecol. Lett. 23 (4), 701-710. doi: 10.1111/ele.13474. |
| [54] |
Wang, X., 2020. Boundary vector data set of Sanjiangyuan National Park. A big earth data platform for three poles. http://poles.tpdc.ac.cn/. (accessed 17 May 2025). |
| [55] |
Wang, G.C., Luo, Z.K., Huang, Y., Xia, X.A., Wei, Y.R., Lin, X.H., Sun, W.J., 2022. Pre-season heat requirement and days of precipitation jointly regulate plant phenological variations in Inner Mongolian grassland. Agric. For. Meteorol. 314, 108783. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108783. |
| [56] |
Wang, H., Prentice, C., Wright, I.J., Warton, D.I., Qiao, S.C., Xu, X.T., Zhou, J., Kikuzawa, K., Stenseth, N.C., 2023a. Leaf economics fundamentals explained by optimality principles. Sci. Adv. 9 (3), eadd5667. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add5667. |
| [57] |
Wang, Y.X., Chen, T.T., Wang, Q., Peng, L., 2023b. Time-lagged and cumulative effects of drought and anthropogenic activities on China’s vegetation greening from 1990 to 2018. Int. J. Digit. Earth 16 (1), 2233-2258. doi: 10.1080/17538947.2023.2224086. |
| [58] |
Wang, D.J., Peng, Q.Y., Li, X.Q., Zhang, W., Xia, X.S., Qin, Z.C., Ren, P.Y., Liang, S.L., Yuan, W.P., 2024a. A long-term high-resolution dataset of grasslands grazing intensity in China. Sci. Data 11 (1), 1194. doi: 10.1038/s41597-024-04045-x. |
| [59] |
Wang, Y.X., Peng, L., Yue, Y.M., Chen, T.T., 2024b. Global vegetation-temperature sensitivity and its driving forces in the 21st century. Earths Future 12 (2), e2022EF003395. doi: 10.1029/2022EF003395. |
| [60] |
Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, L., Zhou, G.S., 2024c. Spatiotemporal patterns of phenological metrics and their relationships with environmental drivers in grasslands. Sci. Total Environ. 938, 173489. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173489. |
| [61] |
Wang, Z.J., Wu, R., Li, J.Z., Liu, Y.Y., Cui, C.F., Liu, J.R., 2025. Discriminating the impact of soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit on vegetation greening over multiple time scale. Glob. Planet. Chang. 255, 105111. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105111. |
| [62] |
Wright, I.J., Reich, P.B., Westoby, M., Ackerly, D.D., Baruch, Z., Bongers, F., Cavender-Bares, J., Chapin, T., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Diemer, M., 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428 (6985), 821-827. doi: 10.1038/nature02403. |
| [63] |
Wu, Z.H., Huang, N.E., 2009. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: a noise-assisted data analysis method. Adv. Adapt. Data Anal. 1 (1), 1-41. doi: 10.1142/S1793536909000047. |
| [64] |
Xiong, X.G., Zhong, R.H., Tian, Q.Y., Huang, J.F., Zhu, L.C., Yang, Y., Lin, T., 2024. Daily DeepCropNet: a hierarchical deep learning approach with daily time series of vegetation indices and climatic variables for corn yield estimation. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 209, 249-264. doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.02.008. |
| [65] |
Yan, Y.C., Piao, S.L., Hammond, W.M., Chen, A.P., Hong, S.B., Xu, H., Munson, S.M., Myneni, R.B., Allen, C.D., 2024a. Climate-induced tree-mortality pulses are obscured by broad-scale and long-term greening. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 8 (5), 912-923. doi: 10.1038/s41559-024-02372-1. |
| [66] |
Yan, Z.J., Wang, T., Ding, J.Z., Wang, X.Y., Fu, Y.H., Li, J., Xu, J.F., Xu, C.Y., Jiang, L.L., Wang, S.P., He, J.S., Piao, S.L., 2024b. No slowdown of growing season extension with warming in a permafrost-affected meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. J. Ecol. 112 (8), 1774-1786. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.14359. |
| [67] |
Yan, Y.L., Li, B.L., Dechant, B., Xu, M.Z., Luo, X.Z., Qu, S., Miao, G.F., Leng, J.Y., Shang, R., Shu, L., Jiang, C.Y., Wang, H., Jeong, S., Ryu, Y., Chen, J.M., 2025. Plant traits shape global spatiotemporal variations in photosynthetic efficiency. Nat. Plants 11 (4), 924-934. doi: 10.1038/s41477-025-01958-2. |
| [68] |
Yang, Y.Z., Wang, H., Harrison, S.P., Prentice, I.C., Wright, I.J., Peng, C.H., Lin, G.H., 2018. Quantifying leaf-trait covariation and its controls across climates and biomes. New Phytol. 211 (1), 155-168. doi: 10.1111/nph.15422. |
| [69] |
Yang, G.B., Deng, M.F., Guo, L.L., Du, E.Z., Zheng, Z.H., Peng, Y.F., Zhao, C.B., Liu, L.L., Yang, Y.H., 2025. Characteristics of leaf nutrient resorption efficiency in Tibetan alpine permafrost ecosystems. Nat. Commun. 16 (1), 4044. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-59289-x. |
| [70] |
Yin, R., Qin, W.K., Wang, X.D., Xie, D., Wang, H., Zhao, H.Y., Zhang, Z.H., He, J.S., Schaedler, M., Kardol, P., Eisenhauer, N., Zhu, B., 2023. Experimental warming causes mismatches in alpine plant-microbe-fauna phenology. Nat. Commun. 14 (1), 2159. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37938-3. |
| [71] |
You, C.H., Wang, Y.B., Tan, X.R., Cui, E.R., Zhang, B.W., Bian, C.Y., Chen, B.Y., Xu, M.Z., Han, X.G., Xia, J.Y., Chen, S.P., 2023. Inner Mongolia grasslands act as a weak regional carbon sink: a new estimation based on upscaling eddy covariance observations. Agric. For. Meteorol. 342, 109719. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109719. |
| [72] |
Yu, S., Xia, J.J., Yan, Z.W., Yang, K., 2018. Changing spring phenology dates in the Three-Rivers Headwater Region of the Tibetan Plateau during 1960-2013. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 35 (1), 116-126. doi: 10.1007/s00376-017-6296-y. |
| [73] |
Yumoto, G., Nishio, H., Muranaka, T., Sugisaka, J., Honjo, M.N., Kudoh, H., 2024. Seasonal switching of integrated leaf senescence controls in an evergreen perennial Arabidopsis. Nat. Commun. 15 (1), 4719. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48814-z. |
| [74] |
Zhang, Y.C., Hong, S.B., Peñuelas, J., Xu, H., Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Lian, X., Piao, S.L., 2024a. Weakened connection between spring leaf-out and autumn senescence in the Northern Hemisphere. Glob. Chang. Biol. 30 (7), e17429. doi: 10.1111/gcb.17429. |
| [75] |
Zhang, W.F., Xiong, K.N., Li, Y.Y., Song, S.Z., Xiang, S., 2024b. Improving grassland ecosystem services for human wellbeing in the karst desertification control area: anthropogenic factors become more important. Sci. Total Environ. 946, 174199. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174199. |
| [76] |
Zhang, J.Y., Chen, J.H., Huang, Y.X., Jiang, L.H., Zheng, Z.Y., Zhou, H.M., Wang, H., Liu, H.Y., 2025a. Extreme warming coordinately shifts root and leaf traits of alpine plants toward conservatism. Ecosyst. Health Sustain. 11, 0350. doi: 10.34133/ehs.0350. |
| [77] |
Zhang, X., Liu, L.Y., Zhao, T.T., Zhang, W.H., Guan, L.L., Bai, M., Chen, X.D., 2025b. GLC_FCS10: a global 10-m land-cover dataset with a fine classification system from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time-series data in Google Earth Engine. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 17, 4039-4062. doi: 10.5194/essd-17-4039-2025. |
| [78] |
Zheng, H.J., Yang, X.F., Song, C.Q., Zhang, W., Sun, W.J., Wang, G.C., 2024. Distinct environmental controls on above- and below-ground net primary productivity in Northern China’s grasslands. Ecol. Indic. 167, 112717. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112717. |
| [79] |
Zhou, M., He, X.H., Hong, D.F., 2025. Toward resolution mismatching: modality-aware feature-aligned network for pan-sharpening. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 47 (11), 10753-10769. doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2025.3594898. |
| [80] |
Zohner, C.M., Mirzagholi, L., Renner, S.S., Mo, L.D., Rebindaine, D., Bucher, R., Palous, D., Vitasse, Y., Fu, Y.H., Stocker, B.D., 2023. Effect of climate warming on the timing of autumn leaf senescence reverses after the summer solstice. Science 381 (6653), eadf5098. doi: 10.1126/science.adf5098. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
PDF
