Ecosystem service models are indeed being validated: A response to Pereira et al. (2025)

CRediT authorship contribution statement

James M. Bullock: Writing - original draft, Conceptualization. Danny A.P. Hooftman: Writing - review & editing. John W. Redhead: Writing - review & editing. Simon Willcock: Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

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[2] Pereira P., Inacio M., Barcelo D., Zhao W., 2025. Ecosystem services mapping and modelling. Where is the validation? Geogr. Sustain. 6, 100286. doi: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100286.

[3] Redhead J.W., Stratford C., Sharps K., Jones L., Ziv G., Clarke D., Oliver T.H., Bullock J.M., 2016. Empirical validation of the InVEST water yield ecosystem service model at a national scale. Sci. Total Environ. 569-570, 1418-1426. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.227.

[4] Willcock S., Hooftman D.A.P., Balbi S., Blanchard R., Dawson T.P., O’Farrell P.J., Hickler T., Hudson M.D., Lindeskog M., Martinez-Lopez J., Mulligan M., Reyers B., Shackleton C., Sitas N., Villa F., Watts S.M., Eigenbrod F., Bullock J.M., 2019. A continental-scale validation of ecosystem service models. Ecosystems 22, 1902-1917. doi: 10.1007/s10021-019-00380-y.

[5] Willcock S., Hooftman D.A.P., Neugarten R.A., Chaplin-Kramer R., Barredo J.I., Hickler T., Kindermann G., Lewis A.R., Lindeskog M., Martínez-López J., Bullock J.M., 2023. Model ensembles of ecosystem services fill global certainty and capacity gaps. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf5492. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5492.