Mapping geography’s engagement with the Sustainable Development Goals: Research foci, contributions, and future directions

Abstract

Although geography’s role in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is widely recognised, a comprehensive quantitative synthesis of its intellectual contributions has been absent. This study fills that critical research gap through a large-scale bibliometric analysis. Drawing from 122 core geography journals (Web of Science, 2010–2024), we employed three-level search criteria (SDGs, sustainability and SDG indicators) to identify a final corpus of 70,122 relevant articles. We then combined publication trend analysis, co-citation and collaboration networks, and keyword co-occurrence mapping to systematically delineate research foci, contributions, and future directions. Our findings reveal six major thematic research clusters: (1) climate change impacts and governance; (2) agricultural landscape and environmental sustainability; (3) resilience and adaptive capability in social-ecological systems; (4) land use change and metacoupling impacts; (5) urban growth and transport accessibility; and (6) biodiversity and ecosystem services. The SDG overlap analysis highlights strong linkages among environmental SDGs, while revealing that SDG 1 (No Poverty) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) are more isolated. Overall, geography supports the SDGs across four key dimensions: (1) providing spatial data analysis for assessment; (2) conducting regional studies for localisation; (3) applying human-environment interaction research to advance synergies; and (4) strengthening science-policy interface efforts for achievement. To maximise its future impact, this study calls for the geography community to develop a dedicated methodological framework for SDG analysis, proactively contribute to shaping the post-2030 agenda, advance holistic integrated approaches, and prudently harness the power of artificial intelligence to accelerate sustainability transitions.

Keywords

Geography / SDGs / Publication networks / Cluster analysis / Thematic review

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zizhao Ni: Writing – original draft, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation. Wenwu Zhao: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Conceptualization. Caichun Yin: Writing – review & editing. Michael E. Meadows: Writing – review & editing. Paulo Pereira: Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. W2412144 and 42271292), the 111 project, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China. Michael E. Meadows acknowledges financial support from the Jiangsu Provincial Government Overseas Talent 100 Plan, SBX2021010183.

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100376.

References

[1] Abbasi, K. R., Zhang, Q., Alotaibi, B. S., Abuhussain, M. A., Alvarado, R., 2024. Toward sustainable development goals 7 and 13: a comprehensive policy framework to combat climate change. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 105, 107415.

[2] Abuhasel, K., 2023. Geographical information system based spatial and statistical analysis of the green areas in the cities of Abha and Bisha for environmental sustainability. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 12(8), 333.

[3] Abulibdeh, A., Zaidan, E., Abulibdeh, R., 2024. Navigating the confluence of artificial intelligence and education for sustainable development in the era of industry 4.0: challenges, opportunities, and ethical dimensions. J. Clean. Prod. 437, 140527.

[4] Adshead, D., Thacker, S., Fuldauer, L. I., Hall, J. W., 2019. Delivering on the sustainable development goals through long-term infrastructure planning. Glob. Environ. Change 59, 101975.

[5] Afewerki, S., Karlsen, A., 2022. Policy mixes for just sustainable development in regions specialized in carbon-intensive industries: the case of two Norwegian petro-maritime regions. Eur. Plan. Stud. 30(11), 2273-2292.

[6] Afonso, R., Sarayed-Din, L., Kleine, D., Carvalho, C., Bartholo, R., Hughes, A., 2024. Access, health, re-conhecimento: co-crafted Brazilian discourses on sustainable food. Geogr. J. 190(3), e12562.

[7] Agrawal, R., Majumdar, A., Majumdar, K., Raut, R. D., Narkhede, B. E., 2022. Attaining sustainable development goals (SDGs) through supply chain practices and business strategies: a systematic review with bibliometric and network analyses. Bus. Strat. Environ. 31(7), 3669-3687.

[8] Ahern, J., 2011. From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landsc. Urban Plan. 100(4), 341-343.

[9] Ahern, J., 2013. Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design. Landsc. Ecol. 28(6), 1203-1212.

[10] Akbar, A., Flacke, J., Martinez, J., Aguilar, R., van Maarseveen, M. F. A. M., 2020. Knowing my village from the sky: a collaborative spatial learning framework to integrate spatial knowledge of stakeholders in achieving sustainable development goals. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 9(9), 515.

[11] Albano, R., Mancusi, L., Sole, A., Adamowski, J., 2015. Collaborative strategies for sustainable EU flood risk management: FOSS and geospatial tools-challenges and opportunities for operative risk analysis. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 4(4), 2704-2727.

[12] Alizadeh, B., Hitchmough, J. D., 2020. Designing sustainable urban landscape and meeting the challenge of climate change: a study of plant species adaptation and fitness under different climate change scenarios in public landscape of UK. Landsc. Res. 45(2), 228-246.

[13] Allen, C., Metternicht, G., Wiedmann, T., 2018. Initial progress in implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs): a review of evidence from countries. Sustain. Sci. 13(5), 1453-1467.

[14] Almalki, A., Gokaraju, B., Mehta, N., Doss, D. A., 2021. Geospatial and machine learning regression techniques for analyzing food access impact on health issues in sustainable communities. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 10(11), 745.

[15] Alvarez, V. E., El Mujtar, V. A., Falcao Salles, J., Jia, X., Castan, E., Cardozo, A. G., Tittonell, P. A., 2024. Micro-environmental variation in soil microbial biodiversity in forest frontier ecosystems-implications for sustainability assessments. Sustainability 16(3), 1236.

[16] Antunes, A. C., Berti, E., Brose, U., Hirt, M. R., Karger, D. N., O’Connor, L. M. J., Pollock, L. J., Thuiller, W., Gauzens, B., 2024. Linking biodiversity, ecosystem function, and nature’s contributions to people: a macroecological energy flux perspective. Trends Ecol. Evol. 39(5), 427-434.

[17] Aria, M., Cuccurullo, C., 2017. bibliometrix: an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J. Informetr. 11(4), 959-975.

[18] Bagoly-Simo, P., Hemmer, I., Reinke, V., 2018. Training ESD change agents through geography: designing the curriculum of a master’s program with emphasis on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). J. Geogr. High. Educ. 42(2), 174-191.

[19] Baldwin, C., 2018. Farming on the fringe: peri-urban agriculture, cultural diversity and sustainability in Sydney. Urban Policy Res. 36(3), 383-385.

[20] Ballere, M., Bouvet, A., Mermoz, S., Le Toan, T., Koleck, T., Bedeau, C., Andre, M., Forestier, E, P-Frison, L., Lardeux, C., 2021. SAR data for tropical forest disturbance alerts in French Guiana: benefit over optical imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 252, 112159.

[21] Banos-Gonzalez, I., Martinez-Fernandez, J., Angel Esteve, M., 2016. Tools for sustainability assessment in island socio-ecological systems: an application to the Canary Islands. Isl. Stud. J. 11(1), 9-34.

[22] Barr, S., Gilg, A., Shaw, G., 2011. Citizens, consumers and sustainability: (re)framing environmental practice in an age of climate change. Glob. Environ. Change 21(4), 1224-1233.

[23] Barr, S., Prillwitz, J., 2012. Green travellers? Exploring the spatial context of sustainable mobility styles. Appl. Geogr. 32(2), 798-809.

[24] Barton, J. R., 2013. Climate change adaptive capacity in Santiago de Chile: creating a governance regime for sustainability planning. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 37(6), 1916-1933.

[25] Basu, S., Nagendra, H., Verburg, P., Plieninger, T., 2024. Perceptions of ecosystem services and knowledge of sustainable development goals around community and private wetlands users in a rapidly growing city. Landsc. Urban Plan. 244, 104989.

[26] Batty, M., 2012. Smart cities, big data. Environ. Plan. B 39(2), 191-193.

[27] Baumgärtner, S., Quaas, M., 2010. What is sustainability economics?. Ecol. Econ. 69(3), 445-450.

[28] Behrendt, F., 2018. Why cycling matters for electric mobility: towards diverse, active and sustainable e-mobilities. Mobilities 13(1), 64-80.

[29] Bell, M. M., Stassart, P. M., 2011. Towards pagan agroecology. J. Rural Stud. 27(4), 348-349.

[30] Bender, O., Haller, A., 2017. The cultural embeddedness of population mobility in the Alps: consequences for sustainable development. Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr. 71(3), 132-145.

[31] Béné, C., 2020. Resilience of local food systems and links to food security—a review of some important concepts in the context of COVID-19 and other shocks. Food Secur. 12(4), 805-822.

[32] Bennett, M., Gong, Y., Scarpa, R., 2018. Hungry birds and angry farmers: using choice experiments to assess “eco-compensation” for coastal wetlands protection in China. Ecol. Econ. 154, 71-87.

[33] Bernard, E., Barbosa, L., Carvalho, R., 2011. Participatory GIS in a sustainable use reserve in Brazilian Amazonia: implications for management and conservation. Appl. Geogr. 31(2), 564-572.

[34] Bernues, A., Clemetsen, M., Eik, L. O., 2016. Seeing Northern European fjord and mountain agriculture through farmers’ eyes. Mt. Res. Dev. 36(3), 276-285.

[35] Bian, J., Zhao, J., Li, A., 2025. Remote sensing monitoring of mountain sustainable development goals (SDG15.4): a systematic review. Int. J. Digit. Earth 18(1), 2448216.

[36] Bianchi, P., Biggeri, M., Ferrannini, A., 2021. The political economy of places from a Sustainable Human Development perspective: the case of Emilia-Romagna. Camb. J. Reg. Econ. Soc. 14(1), 93-116.

[37] Biermann, F., Kanie, N., Kim, R. E. 2017. Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN sustainable development goals. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 26–27, pp.26-31.

[38] Birtchnell, T. 2021. Geographies of AI. A. Elliott (Ed.), The Routledge Social Science Handbook of AI, Taylor and Francis Inc., New York, pp.17-29.

[39] Boess, E. R., Kornov, L., Lyhne, I., Partidario, M. R., 2021. Integrating SDGs in environmental assessment: unfolding SDG functions in emerging practices. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 90, 106632.

[40] Bogers, M., Biermann, F., Kalfagianni, A., Kim, R. E., Treep, J., de Vos, M. G., 2022. The impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on a network of 276 international organizations. Glob. Environ. Change 76, 102567.

[41] Bohnet, I. C., Roebeling, P. C., Williams, K. J., Holzworth, D., van Grieken, M. E., Pert, P. L., Kroon, F. J., Westcott, D. A., Brodie, J., 2011. Landscapes toolkit: an integrated modelling framework to assist stakeholders in exploring options for sustainable landscape development. Landsc. Ecol. 26(8), 1179-1198.

[42] Bosch, S., Schmidt, M., Kienmoser, D., 2020. On the path to sustainable energy landscapes? The social shaping of energy landscapes in the face of climate protection measures. Erdkunde 74(4), 263-280.

[43] Boschmann, E. E., Brady, S. A., 2013. Travel behaviors, sustainable mobility, and transit-oriented developments: a travel counts analysis of older adults in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. J. Transp. Geogr. 33, 1-11.

[44] Boschmann, E. E., Gabriel, J. N., 2013. Urban sustainability and the LEED rating system: case studies on the role of regional characteristics and adaptive reuse in green building in Denver and Boulder, Colorado. Geogr. J. 179(3), 221-233.

[45] Breu, T., Molden, D., von Dach, S. W., Zimmermann, A. B., Mathez-Stiefel, S-.L., 2017. Focus issue: mountain forests and the SDGs. Mt. Res. Dev. 37(3), 245.

[46] Breuer, A., Janetschek, H., Malerba, D., 2019. Translating sustainable development goal (SDG) interdependencies into policy advice. Sustainability 11(7), 2092.

[47] Brondizio, E. S., O’Brien, K., Bai, X., Biermann, F., Steffen, W., Berkhout, F., Cudennec, C., Lemos, M. C., Wolfe, A., Palma-Oliveira, J, C-Chen, T. A., 2016. Re-conceptualizing the anthropocene: a call for collaboration. Glob. Environ. Change 39, 318-327.

[48] Bryan, B. A., Nolan, M., McKellar, L., Connor, J. D., Newth, D., Harwood, T., King, D., Navarro, J., Cai, Y., Gao, L., Grundy, M., Graham, P., Ernst, A., Dunstall, S., Stock, F., Brinsmead, T., Harman, I., Grigg, N. J., Battaglia, M., Hatfield-Dodds, S., 2016. Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: trajectories for Australia to 2050. Glob. Environ. Change 38, 130-152.

[49] Burdine, J. D., Taylor, D. E., 2018. Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism, food production, infrastructure, and sustainability practices. Local Environ. 23(2), 198-219.

[50] Busck-Lumholt, L., Coenen, J., Persson, J., Pedersen, A., Mertz, O., Corbera, E., 2022. Telecoupling as a framework to support a more nuanced understanding of causality in land system science. J. Land Use Sci. 17(1), 386-406.

[51] Butt, B., 2023. Doing environmental justice: prospects for sustainable engagement-from classroom to fieldwork. Environ. Plann. E 6(4), 2781-2794.

[52] Cai, Y., Zhang, F., Deng, X., 2025. Recoupled crop-livestock system can potentially reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by over 40% in China. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 112, 107756.

[53] Campagnolo, L., Davide, M., 2019. Can the Paris deal boost SDGs achievement? An assessment of climate mitigation co-benefits or side-effects on poverty and inequality. World Dev. 122, 96-109.

[54] Campbell, B., 2018. Biodiversity, livelihoods and struggles over sustainability in Nepal. Landsc. Res. 43(8), 1056-1067.

[55] Cao, K., Batty, M., Huang, B., Liu, Y., Yu, L., Chen, J., 2011. Spatial multi-objective land use optimization: extensions to the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 25(12), 1949-1969.

[56] Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J., Abel, N., 2001. From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what?. Ecosystems 4(8), 765-781.

[57] Casiano Flores, C., Crompvoets, J., 2023. Climate change adaptation: the role of geospatial data in sustainable infrastructures. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 12(2), 68.

[58] Castro, G. D. R., Fernandez, M. C. G., Colsa, A. U., 2021. Unleashing the convergence amid digitalization and sustainability towards pursuing the sustainable development goals (SDGs): a holistic review. J. Clean. Prod. 280, 122204.

[59] Caudill, C. M., Pulsifer, P. L., Thumbadoo, R. V., Taylor, D. R. F., 2024. Meeting the challenges of the UN sustainable development goals through holistic systems thinking and applied geospatial ethics. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 13(4), 110.

[60] Cavoli, C., 2021. Accelerating sustainable mobility and land-use transitions in rapidly growing cities: identifying common patterns and enabling factors. J. Transp. Geogr. 94, 103093.

[61] Ceddia, M. G., Sedlacek, S., Bardsley, N. O., Gomez-y-Paloma, S., 2013. Sustainable agricultural intensification or Jevons paradox? The role of public governance in tropical South America. Glob. Environ. Change 23(5), 1052-1063.

[62] Chen, J., Peng, S., Chen, H., Zhao, X., Ge, Y., Li, Z., 2020. A comprehensive measurement of progress toward local SDGs with geospatial information: methodology and lessons learned. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 9(9), 522.

[63] Chen, L., Wang, K., 2022. The spatial spillover effect of low-carbon city pilot scheme on green efficiency in China’s cities: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment. Energy Econ. 110, 106018.

[64] Chen, Q., Dong, H., 2019. Sustainable development indicator systems for island cities: the case of Zhoushan Maritime Garden City. Isl. Stud. J. 14(2), 137-156.

[65] Chen, Y., Li, X., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, M., 2019. Tele-connecting China’s future urban growth to impacts on ecosystem services under the shared socioeconomic pathways. Sci. Total Environ. 652, 765-779.

[66] Childers, D. L., Pickett, S. T. A., Grove, J. M., Ogden, L., Whitmer, A., 2014. Advancing urban sustainability theory and action: challenges and opportunities. Landsc. Urban Plan. 125, 320-328.

[67] Cho, M. A., Mutanga, O., Mabhaudhi, T., 2023. Understanding local actors’ perspective of threats to the sustainable management of communal rangeland and the role of Participatory GIS (PGIS): the case of Vulindlela, South Africa. S. Afr. Geogr. J. 105(4), 516-533.

[68] Cicerone, G., Faggian, A., Montresor, S., Rentocchini, F., 2023. Regional artificial intelligence and the geography of environmental technologies: does local AI knowledge help regional green-tech specialization?. Reg. Stud. 57(2), 330-343.

[69] Cifuentes, M. L., Freyer, B., Sonnino, R., Fiala, V., 2021. Embedding sustainable diets into urban food strategies: a multi-actor approach. Geoforum 122, 11-21.

[70] Clifford, N., Holloway, S., Rice, S. P., Valentine, G., 2009. Key Concepts in Geography, 2nd ed. SAGE Publications, London

[71] Conway, J. R., Lex, A., Gehlenborg, N., 2017. UpSetR: an R package for the visualization of intersecting sets and their properties. Bioinformatics 33(18), 2938-2940.

[72] Costanza, R., 2020. Valuing natural capital and ecosystem services toward the goals of efficiency, fairness, and sustainability. Ecosyst. Serv. 43, 101096.

[73] Coutts, A., Beringer, J., Tapper, N., 2010. Changing urban climate and CO₂ emissions: implications for the development of policies for sustainable cities. Urban Policy Res. 28(1), 27-47.

[74] Csardi, G., Nepusz, T., 2006. The igraph software package for complex network research. Complex Syst. 1695, 1-9.

[75] Csárdi, G., Nepusz, T., Traag, V., Horvát, S., Zanini, F., Noom, D., Müller, K., 2025. igraph: network analysis and visualization in R. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7682609.

[76] Cumming, G. S., 2011. Spatial resilience: integrating landscape ecology, resilience, and sustainability. Landsc. Ecol. 26(7), 899-909.

[77] Cummings, A. R., Read, J. M., Fragoso, J. M. V., 2018. Implications of forest type and land tenure diversity for the sustainability of ecosystem services provided by northern Amazonia’s multiple-use tree species. Landsc. Ecol. 33(3), 423-438.

[78] Curry, N., Kirwan, J., 2014. The role of tacit knowledge in developing networks for sustainable agriculture. Sociol. Rural. 54(3), 341-361.

[79] da Silva, R., Viña, A., Moran, E., Dou, Y., Batistella, M., Liu, J., 2021. Socioeconomic and environmental effects of soybean production in metacoupled systems. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 18529.

[80] Dai, J., Ahmed, Z., Alvarado, R., Ahmad, M., 2024. Assessing the nexus between human capital, green energy, and load capacity factor: policymaking for achieving sustainable development goals. Gondwana Res. 129, 452-464.

[81] Dalby, S., 2020. Bordering sustainability in the anthropocene. Territ. Polit. Gov. 8(2), 144-160.

[82] Damien, A., Isabelle, T., Christovam, B., Nicolas, J., Vincent, D., 2017. Land use sustainability on the South-Eastern Amazon agricultural frontier: recent progress and the challenges ahead. Appl. Geogr. 80, 86-97.

[83] Datta, D., Ghosh, P. K., 2015. Evaluating sustainability of community endeavours in an Indian floodplain wetland using multi-criteria decision analysis. Singapore J. Trop. Geogr. 36(1), 38-56.

[84] del Rio-Mena, T., Willemen, L., Vrieling, A., Nelson, A., 2023. How remote sensing choices influence ecosystem services monitoring and evaluation results of ecological restoration interventions. Ecosyst. Serv. 64, 101565.

[85] Deng, X., Li, Z., Gibson, J., 2016. A review on trade-off analysis of ecosystem services for sustainable land-use management. J. Geogr. Sci. 26(7), 953-968.

[86] Deng, X., Wang, Y., Song, M., 2023. Development geography for exploring solutions to promote regional development. Geogr. Sustain. 4(1), 49-57.

[87] Dhonju, H. K., Uprety, B., Xiao, W., 2022. Geo-enabled sustainable municipal energy planning for comprehensive accessibility: a case in the new federal context of Nepal. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 11(5), 304.

[88] Di Lucia, L., Slade, R., Khan, J., 2022. Decision-making fitness of methods to understand sustainable development goal interactions. Nat. Sustain. 5(2), 131-139.

[89] Di Vaio, A., Palladino, R., Hassan, R., Escobar, O., 2020. Artificial intelligence and business models in the sustainable development goals perspective: a systematic literature review. J. Bus. Res. 121, 283-314.

[90] Diaz, S., Settele, J., Brondizio, E. S., Ngo, H. T., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K. A., Butchart, S. H. M., Chan, K. M. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Ichii, K., Liu, J., Subramanian, S. M., Midgley, G. F., Miloslavich, P., Molnar, Z., Obura, D., Pfaff, A., Zayas, C. N., 2019. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science 366(6471), eaax3100.

[91] Downing, A. S., Wong, G. Y., Dyer, M., Aguiar, A. P., Selomane, O., Aceituno, A. J., 2021. When the whole is less than the sum of all parts-tracking global-level impacts of national sustainability initiatives. Glob. Environ. Change 69, 102306.

[92] Dubois, A., Carson, D., 2020. Sustainable agriculture and multifunctionality in South Australia’s Mid North region. Aust. Geogr. 51(4), 509-534.

[93] Dumont, A. M., Baret, P. V., 2017. Why working conditions are a key issue of sustainability in agriculture? A comparison between agroecological, organic and conventional vegetable systems. J. Rural Stud. 56, 53-64.

[94] Eakin, H. C., Lemos, M. C., Nelson, D. R., 2014. Differentiating capacities as a means to sustainable climate change adaptation. Glob. Environ. Change 27, 1-8.

[95] Elango, B., 2024. Research contribution of bibliometric studies related to sustainable development goals and sustainability. Discov. Sustain. 5(1), 30.

[96] Ellis, E. C., Pascual, U., Mertz, O., 2019. Ecosystem services and nature’s contribution to people: negotiating diverse values and trade-offs in land systems. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 38, 86-94.

[97] Esmail, B. A., Cortinovis, C., Wang, J., Geneletti, D., Albert, C., 2023. Mapping and assessing ecosystem services for sustainable policy and decision-making in eritrea. Ambio 52(6), 1022-1039.

[98] Evans, D., 2011. Thrifty, green or frugal: reflections on sustainable consumption in a changing economic climate. Geoforum 42(5), 550-557.

[99] Feola, G., Lerner, A. M., Jain, M., Montefrio, M. J. F., Nicholas, K. A., 2015. Researching farmer behaviour in climate change adaptation and sustainable agriculture: lessons learned from five case studies. J. Rural Stud. 39, 74-84.

[100] Feola, G., Suzunaga, J., Soler, J., Wilson, A., 2020. Peri-urban agriculture as quiet sustainability: challenging the urban development discourse in Sogamoso, Colombia. J. Rural Stud. 80, 1-12.

[101] Fischer, A., Peters, V., Vavra, J., Neebe, M., Megyesi, B., 2011. Energy use, climate change and folk psychology: does sustainability have a chance? Results from a qualitative study in five European countries. Glob. Environ. Change 21(3), 1025-1034.

[102] Foden, M., Browne, A. L., Evans, D. M., Sharp, L., Watson, M., 2019. The water-energy-food nexus at home: new opportunities for policy interventions in household sustainability. Geogr. J. 185(4), 406-418.

[103] Folke, C., 2006. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Glob. Environ. Change 16(3), 253-267.

[104] Folke, C., Biggs, R., Norström, A., Reyers, B., Rockström, J., 2016. Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecol. Soc. 21(3), 41.

[105] Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P., Norberg, J., 2005. Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30, 441-473.

[106] Ford, A. C., Barr, S. L., Dawson, R. J., James, P., 2015. Transport accessibility analysis using GIS: assessing sustainable transport in London. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 4(1), 124-149.

[107] Foroudi, P., Marvi, R., Cuomo, M. T., D’Amato, A., 2024. Sustainable development goals in a regional context: conceptualising, measuring and managing residents’ perceptions. Reg. Stud. 59(1), 2373871.

[108] Fox, S., Macleod, A., 2023. Localizing the SDGs in cities: reflections from an action research project in Bristol, UK. Urban Geogr. 44(3), 517-537.

[109] Fraser, J. A., Frausin, V., Jarvis, A., 2015. An intergenerational transmission of sustainability? Ancestral habitus and food production in a traditional agro-ecosystem of the Upper Guinea Forest, West Africa. Glob. Environ. Change 31, 226-238.

[110] Frey, F., Mohr, F., Ruiz-Aragon, V., Akinyemi, F. O., Buergi, M., 2024. Agricultural irrigation development in Castilla y León (Spain): driving forces and outcomes for landscape and sustainability in the 21st century. Landsc. Ecol. 39(11), 195.

[111] Fridman, D., Koellner, T., Kissinger, M., 2021. Exploring global interregional food system’s sustainability using the functional regions typology. Glob. Environ. Change 68, 102276.

[112] Fu, B., Meadows, M. E., Zhao, W., 2022. Geography in the anthropocene: transforming our world for sustainable development. Geogr. Sustain. 3(1), 1-6.

[113] Fuldauer, L. I., Adshead, D., Thacker, S., Gall, S., Hall, J. W., 2022. Evaluating the benefits of national adaptation to reduce climate risks and contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals. Glob. Environ. Change 76, 102575.

[114] Funk, C., Shukla, S., Thiaw, W. M., Rowland, J., Hoell, A., McNally, A., Husak, G., Novella, N., Budde, M., Peters-Lidard, C., Adoum, A., Galu, G., Korecha, D., Magadzire, T., Rodriguez, M., Robjhon, M., Bekele, E., Arsenault, K., Peterson, P., Verdin, J., 2019. Recognizing the famine early warning systems network: over 30 years of drought early warning science advances and partnerships promoting global food security. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 100(6), 1011-1027.

[115] Gao, P., Wang, H., Cushman, S. A., Cheng, C., Song, C., Ye, S., 2021. Sustainable land-use optimization using NSGA-II: theoretical and experimental comparisons of improved algorithms. Landsc. Ecol. 36(7), 1877-1892.

[116] Gao, X., Huang, B., Hou, Y., Xu, W., Zheng, H., Ma, D., Ouyang, Z., 2020. Using ecosystem service flows to inform ecological compensation: theory & application. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(9), 3340.

[117] Geels, F., 2002. Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Res. Policy 31(8–9), 1257-1274.

[118] Geels, F. W., Schot, J., 2007. Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways. Res. Policy 36(3), 399-417.

[119] Gera, W., 2018. Scalar politics in Philippine urban disaster management: reframing metropolitan governance for local resilience and sustainability. Erdkunde 72(4), 287-311.

[120] Ghosh, A., Boykoff, M., 2019. Framing sustainability and climate change: interrogating discourses in vernacular and English-language media in Sundarbans, India. Geoforum 99, 142-153.

[121] Giezen, M., Balikci, S., Arundel, R., 2018. Using remote sensing to analyse net land-use change from conflicting sustainability policies: the case of Amsterdam. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 7(9), 381.

[122] Gil, A., Calado, H., Bentz, J., 2011. Public participation in municipal transport planning processes—the case of the sustainable mobility plan of Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. J. Transp. Geogr. 19(6), 1309-1319.

[123] Giuffrida, N., Pilla, F., Carroll, P., 2023. The social sustainability of cycling: assessing equity in the accessibility of bike-sharing services. J. Transp. Geogr. 106, 103490.

[124] Goel, P., Kumar, A., Parayitam, S., Luthra, S., 2023. Understanding transport users’ preferences for adopting electric vehicle based mobility for sustainable city: a moderated moderated-mediation model. J. Transp. Geogr. 106, 103520.

[125] Gossling, S., Cohen, S., 2014. Why sustainable transport policies will fail: EU climate policy in the light of transport taboos. J. Transp. Geogr. 39, 197-207.

[126] Grainger, A., 2012. Forest sustainability indicator systems as procedural policy tools in global environmental governance. Glob. Environ. Change 22(1), 147-160.

[127] Gratzer, G., Keeton, W. S., 2017. Mountain forests and sustainable development: the potential for achieving the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda. Mt. Res. Dev. 37(3), 246-253.

[128] Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstroem, J., Oehman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N., Noble, I., 2013. Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature 495(7441), 305-307.

[129] Guenther, J., Overbeck, A. K., Muster, S., Tempel, B. J., Schaal, S., Schaal, S., Kuehner, E., Otto, S., 2022. Outcome indicator development: defining education for sustainable development outcomes for the individual level and connecting them to the SDGs. Glob. Environ. Change 74, 102526.

[130] Hakansson, I., 2021. Goals and persistence of sustainability experiments in divergent urban contexts: urban agriculture and a geodemographic classification in London. Local Environ. 26(6), 736-753.

[131] Hanson, S., 2010. Gender and mobility: new approaches for informing sustainability. Gend. Place Cult. 17(1), 5-23.

[132] Harada, T., 2023. Mobility justice and sustainable futures. Aust. Geogr. 54, 1-14.

[133] Harrison, S., Massey, D., Richards, K., Magilligan, F., Thrift, N., Bender, B., 2004. Thinking across the divide: perspectives on the conversations between physical and human geography. Area 36(4), 435-442.

[134] He, J., Fu, C., Li, X., Ren, F., Dong, J., 2023. What do we know about multidimensional poverty in China: its dynamics, causes, and implications for sustainability. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 12(2), 78.

[135] Heck, V., Hoff, H., Wirsenius, S., Meyer, C., Kreft, H., 2018. Land use options for staying within the Planetary Boundaries—synergies and trade-offs between global and local sustainability goals. Glob. Environ. Change 49, 73-84.

[136] Hill, M., 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54(2), 427-432.

[137] Hilson, G., Maconachie, R., 2020. Artisanal and small-scale mining and the Sustainable Development Goals: opportunities and new directions for sub-Saharan Africa. Geoforum 111, 125-141.

[138] Holling, C., 2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4(5), 390-405.

[139] Horner, R., 2020. Towards a new paradigm of global development? Beyond the limits of international development. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 44(3), 415-436.

[140] Huang, Y., Gan, X., Feng, Y., Li, J., Niu, S., Zhou, B., 2024. A new framework for assessing ecosystem health with consideration of the sustainable supply of ecosystem services. Landsc. Ecol. 39(2), 37.

[141] Huttunen, S., Oosterveer, P., 2017. Transition to sustainable fertilisation in agriculture, a practices approach. Sociol. Rural. 57(2), 191-210.

[142] Iacobut, G. I., Brandi, C., Dzebo, A., Elizalde Duron, S. D., 2022. Aligning climate and sustainable development finance through an SDG lens. The role of development assistance in implementing the Paris Agreement. Glob. Environ. Change 74, 102509.

[143] Inturri, G., Giuffrida, N., Le Pira, M., Fazio, M., Ignaccolo, M., 2021. Linking public transport user satisfaction with service accessibility for sustainable mobility planning. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 10(4), 235.

[144] Issa, L., Mezher, T., El Fadel, M., 2024. Can network analysis ascertain SDGs interlinkages towards evidence-based policy planning? A systematic critical assessment. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 104, 107295.

[145] Jack, T., Anantharaman, M., Browne, A. L., 2022. ‘Without cleanliness we can’t lead the life, no?’ cleanliness practices, (in)accessible infrastructures, social (im)mobility and (un)sustainable consumption in Mysore, India. Soc. Cult. Geogr. 23(6), 814-835.

[146] Janoušková, S., Hák, T., Moldan, B., 2018. Global SDGs assessments: helping or confusing indicators?. Sustainability 10(5), 1540.

[147] Johnson, D., Geisendorf, S., 2022. Valuing ecosystem services of sustainable urban drainage systems: a discrete choice experiment to elicit preferences and willingness to pay. J. Environ. Manage. 307, 114508.

[148] Jones, S., Lidbe, A., Hainen, A., 2019. What can open access data from India tell us about road safety and sustainable development?. J. Transp. Geogr. 80, 102503.

[149] Kacaw, L., Tsai, B., 2023. The application of PPGIS to telecoupling research: a case study of the agricultural landscape transformation in an indigenous village in taiwan. Sustainability 15(2), 1577.

[150] Kates, R., Clark, W., Corell, R., Hall, J., Jaeger, C., Lowe, I., McCarthy, J., Schellnhuber, H., Bolin, B., Dickson, N., Faucheux, S., Gallopin, G., Grübler, A., Huntley, B., Jäger, J., Jodha, N., Kasperson, R., Mabogunje, A., Matson, P., Svedin, U., 2001. Environment and development: sustainability science. Science 292(5517), 641-642.

[151] Kent, A. J., Vujakovic, P., Eades, G., Davis, M., 2020. Putting the UN SDGs on the map: the role of cartography in sustainability education. Cartogr. J. 57(2), 93-96.

[152] Klein, L. R., Hendrix, W. G., Lohr, V. I., Kaytes, J. B., Sayler, R. D., Swanson, M. E., Elliot, W. J., Reganold, J. P., 2015. Linking ecology and aesthetics in sustainable agricultural landscapes: lessons from the Palouse region of Washington, USA. Landsc. Urban Plan. 134, 195-209.

[153] Knowles, R. D., 2021. The mismatch between strategic planning and sustainable transport: the case of Greater Manchester’s Spatial Framework 2019. J. Transp. Geogr. 92, 102990.

[154] Koff, H., Bonilla-Moheno, M., Campos-Garcia, L. M., Morteo-Montiel, S., Portillo-Peralta, J. I., 2023. Agricultural policies and local sustainability: a normative coherence for development analysis of Mexico’s pineapple sector. Local Environ. 28(11), 1496-1514.

[155] Korah, P. I., Nunbogu, A. M., Ahmed, A., 2023. Measuring access to health facilities in Ghana: implications for implementation of health interventions and the Sustainable Development Goal 3. Appl. Geogr. 158, 103026.

[156] Krauss, J. E., Barrientos, S., 2021. Fairtrade and beyond: shifting dynamics in cocoa sustainability production networks. Geoforum 120, 186-197.

[157] Kumar, C., Pattnaik, D., Balas, V. E., Raman, R., 2023. Comprehensive scientometric analysis and longitudinal SDG mapping of quality and reliability engineering international journal. J. Scientometr. Res. 12(3), 558-571.

[158] Kussul, N., Lavreniuk, M., Kolotii, A., Skakun, S., Rakoid, O., Shumilo, L., 2020. A workflow for Sustainable Development Goals indicators assessment based on high-resolution satellite data. Int. J. Digit. Earth 13(2), 309-321.

[159] Lamine, C., 2015. Sustainability and resilience in agrifood systems: reconnecting agriculture, food and the environment. Sociol. Rural. 55(1), 41-61.

[160] Larimian, T., Sadeghi, A., 2021. Measuring urban social sustainability: scale development and validation. Environ. Plann. B 48(4), 621-637.

[161] LaRota-Aguilera, M. J., Zapata-Caldas, E., Buitrago-Bermudez, O., Marull, J., 2024. New criteria for sustainable land use planning of metropolitan green infrastructures in the tropical Andes. Landsc. Ecol. 39(6), 105.

[162] Lawhon, M., Murphy, J. T., 2012. Socio-technical regimes and sustainability transitions: insights from political ecology. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 36(3), 354-378.

[163] Leyendecker, K., 2021. Understanding urban cycling: exploring the relationship between mobility, sustainability and capital. J. Transp. Geogr. 92, 103028.

[164] Li, S., Sun, Z., Guo, H., Ouyang, X., Liu, Z., Jiang, H., Li, H., 2024. Localizing urban SDGs indicators for an integrated assessment of urban sustainability: a case study of Hainan province. Int. J. Digit. Earth 17(1), 2336059.

[165] Li, W., 2020. GeoAI: where machine learning and big data converge in GIScience. J. Spat. Inf. Sci. 20, 71-77.

[166] Li, W, C-Hsu, Y., 2022. GeoAI for large-scale image analysis and machine vision: recent progress of artificial intelligence in geography. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 11(7), 385.

[167] Li, Y., Jia, N., Yu, X., Manning, N., Lan, X., Liu, J., 2023. Transboundary flows in the metacoupled anthropocene: typology, methods, and governance for global sustainability. Ecol. Soc. 28(3), 19.

[168] Liang, X., Guan, Q., Clarke, K. C., Liu, S., Wang, B., Yao, Y., 2021. Understanding the drivers of sustainable land expansion using a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model: a case study in Wuhan, China. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 85, 101569.

[169] Liao, C., Agrawal, A., Clark, P. E., Levin, S. A., Rubenstein, D. I., 2020. Landscape sustainability science in the drylands: mobility, rangelands and livelihoods. Landsc. Ecol. 35(11), 2433-2447.

[170] Lin, J., Huang, L., Zheng, Y., Chen, C., Wang, L., Wang, K., Qiu, J., 2024. Integrating ecosystem services, stakeholders’ perspective, and land-use scenarios to safeguard sustainability of the mulberry-dyke and fish-pond system. Landsc. Ecol. 39(7), 127.

[171] Lioutas, E. D., Charatsari, C., 2020. Big data in agriculture: does the new oil lead to sustainability?. Geoforum 109, 1-3.

[172] Liu, J., 2017. Integration across a metacoupled world. Ecol. Soc. 22(4), 29.

[173] Liu, S., Bai, J., Chen, J., 2019. Measuring SDG 15 at the county scale: localization and practice of SDGs indicators based on geospatial information. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 8(11), 515.

[174] Liu, Y., 2012. Modelling sustainable urban growth in a rapidly urbanising region using a fuzzy-constrained cellular automata approach. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 26(1), 151-167.

[175] Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Zhao, W., Wang, S., Fu, B., 2020. Comparison between tourists’ and inhabitants’ willingness to pay for nature in the tibetan plateau. J. Clean. Prod. 255, 120219.

[176] Liverman, D. M., 2018. Geographic perspectives on development goals: constructive engagements and critical perspectives on the MDGs and the SDGs. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 8(2), 168-185.

[177] Liverman, D. M., 2018. Development goals and geography: an update and response. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 8(2), 206-211.

[178] Lo, A. Y., Liu, S., Cheung, L. T. O., Chang, F. K. S., 2020. Contested transformations: sustainable economic development and capacity for adapting to climate change. Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr. 110(1), 223-241.

[179] Lockwood, M., 2013. The political sustainability of climate policy: the case of the UK Climate Change Act. Glob. Environ. Change 23(5), 1339-1348.

[180] Loorbach, D., 2010. Transition management for sustainable development: a prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework. Governance 23(1), 161-183.

[181] Lopez-Garcia, D., Carrascosa-Garcia, M., 2024. Sustainable food policies without sustainable farming? Challenges for agroecology-oriented farmers in relation to urban (sustainable) food policies. J. Rural Stud. 105, 103160.

[182] Lu, Y., Nakicenovic, N., Visbeck, M, A-Stevance, S., 2015. Five priorities for the UN sustainable development goals. Nature 520(7548), 432-433.

[183] Ma, S., Wang, G., Xu, C., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Cai, Y., 2024. Does the optimal land use pattern for cross-regional cooperation change at different stages of urbanization? Evidence from the trade-off between urban growth scenarios and SDGs indicators. Appl. Geogr. 167, 103294.

[184] Maalsen, S., Cinnamon, J., Kinsley, S., 2023. Artificial intelligence, geography and society. Digit. Geogr. Soc. 4, 100061.

[185] Mahmoudi, D., Lubitow, A., Christensen, M. A., 2020. Reproducing spatial inequality? The sustainability fix and barriers to urban mobility in Portland, Oregon. Urban Geogr. 41(6), 801-822.

[186] Mahmoudi, M., Song, Y., Miller, H. J., Zhou, X., 2019. Accessibility with time and resource constraints: computing hyper-prisms for sustainable transportation planning. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 73, 171-183.

[187] Maimaitiyiming, M., Ghulam, A., Tiyip, T., Pla, F., Latorre-Carmona, P., Halik, U., Sawut, M., Caetano, M., 2014. Effects of green space spatial pattern on land surface temperature: implications for sustainable urban planning and climate change adaptation. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 89, 59-66.

[188] Mans, U., 2014. Tracking geographies of sustainability transitions: relational and territorial aspects of urban policies in Casablanca and Cape Town. Geoforum 57, 150-161.

[189] Martin, S., Rieple, A., Chang, J., Boniface, B., Ahmed, A., 2015. Small farmers and sustainability: institutional barriers to investment and innovation in the Malaysian palm oil industry in Sabah. J. Rural Stud. 40, 46-58.

[190] Maso, J., Serral, I., Domingo-Marimon, C., Zabala, A., 2020. Earth observations for sustainable development goals monitoring based on essential variables and driver-pressure-state-impact-response indicators. Int. J. Digit. Earth 13(2), 217-235.

[191] Mathez-Stiefel, S-L., Peralvo, M., Baez, S., Rist, S., Buytaert, W., Cuesta, F., Fadrique, B., Feeley, K. J., Groth, A. A. P., Homeier, J., Llambi, L. D., Locatelli, B., Lopez Sandoval, F., Malizia, A., Young, K. R., 2017. Research priorities for the conservation and sustainable governance of Andean forest landscapes. Mt. Res. Dev. 37(3), 323-339.

[192] Mawdsley, E., 2017. Development geography 1: cooperation, competition and convergence between ‘north’ and ‘south’. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 41(1), 108-117.

[193] Mawdsley, E., 2018. from billions to trillions’: financing the SDGs in a world ‘beyond aid’. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 8(2), 191-195.

[194] Maye, D., Duncan, J., 2017. Understanding sustainable food system transitions: practice, assessment and governance. Sociol. Rural. 57(3), 267-273.

[195] McEwan, C., Hughes, A., Bek, D., 2014. Futures, ethics and the politics of expectation in biodiversity conservation: a case study of South African sustainable wildflower harvesting. Geoforum 52, 206-215.

[196] Meadows, M., Dietz, T., Vandermotten, C., 2016. A perspective on problems and prospects for academic publishing in geography. Geo: Geogr. Environ. 3(1), e00016.

[197] Meadows, M. E., 2020. Geography education for sustainable development. Geogr. Sustain. 1(1), 88-92.

[198] Medeiros, E., 2021. The territorial dimension of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Area 53(2), 292-302.

[199] Miralles-Guasch, C., Martinez Melo, M., Marquet, O., 2016. A gender analysis of everyday mobility in urban and rural territories: from challenges to sustainability. Gend. Place Cult. 23(3), 398-417.

[200] Moragues-Faus, A., Marsden, T., Adlerova, B., Hausmanova, T., 2020. Building diverse, distributive, and territorialized agrifood economies to deliver sustainability and food security. Econ. Geogr. 96(3), 219-243.

[201] Mundetia, N., Sharma, D., Sharma, A., Dubey, S. K., Mitra, B. K., Dasgupta, R., Jeong, H., 2023. Assessment of hydrological response with an integrated approach of climate, land, and water for sustainable water resources in the Khari River basin, India. Anthropocene 41, 100373.

[202] Munoz, L., Hausner, V. H., Runge, C., Brown, G., Daigle, R., 2020. Using crowdsourced spatial data from flickr vs. PPGIS for understanding nature’s contribution to people in southern norway. People Nat. 2(2), 437-449.

[203] Naess, P, I-Saglie, L., Richardson, T., 2020. Urban sustainability: is densification sufficient?. Eur. Plan. Stud. 28(1), 146-165.

[204] Nagabhatla, N., Brahmbhatt, R., 2020. Geospatial assessment of water-migration scenarios in the context of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 6, 11, and 16. Remote Sens. 12(9), 1376.

[205] Nakamura, D., 2023. Analysis of the spatial allocation of resources for a sustainable rural economy: a wide-areal coordination approach. Ann. Reg. Sci. 71(3), 799-813.

[206] Nam, K., Lim, U., Kim, B. H. S., 2012. ‘compact’ or ‘sprawl’ for sustainable urban form? Measuring the effect on travel behavior in Korea. Ann. Reg. Sci. 49(1), 157-173.

[207] Nasir, O., Javed, R. T., Gupta, S., Vinuesa, R., Qadir, J., 2023. Artificial intelligence and sustainable development goals nexus via four vantage points. Technol. Soc. 72, 102171.

[208] Nassauer, J. I., Wu, J. G., Xiang, W-.N., 2014. Actionable urban ecology in China and the world: integrating ecology and planning for sustainable cities. Landsc. Urban Plan. 125, 207-208.

[209] Nhamo, G., Chapungu, L., 2024. Prospects for a sustainable and climate-resilient African economy post-COVID-19. Glob. Environ. Change 86, 102836.

[210] Nightingale, A. J., 2018. Geography’s contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals: ambivalence and performance. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 8(2), 196-200.

[211] Nyerges, T., Gallo, J. A., Prager, S. D., Reynolds, K. M., Murphy, P. J., Li, W., 2021. Synthesizing vulnerability, risk, resilience, and sustainability into VRRSability for improving geoinformation decision support evaluations. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 10(3), 179.

[212] Olsson, P., Gunderson, L. H., Carpenter, S. R., Ryan, P., Lebel, L., Folke, C., Holling, C. S., 2006. Shooting the rapids: navigating transitions to adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Ecol. Soc. 11(1), 18.

[213] Ostrom, E., 2009. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325(5939), 419-422.

[214] Padro, R., La Rota-Aguilera, M. J., Giocoli, A., Cirera, J., Coll, F., Pons, M., Pino, J., Pili, S., Serrano, T., Villalba, G., Marull, J., 2020. Assessing the sustainability of contrasting land use scenarios through the socioecological integrated analysis (SIA) of the metropolitan green infrastructure in Barcelona. Landsc. Urban Plan. 203, 103905.

[215] Parra-Paitan, C., Zu Ermgassen, E. K. H. J., Meyfroidt, P., Verburg, P. H., 2023. Large gaps in voluntary sustainability commitments covering the global cocoa trade. Glob. Environ. Change 81, 102696.

[216] Pascariu, G. C., Banica, A., Kourtit, K., 2023. Sustainable resilience for smart spatial planning. Appl. Spat. Anal. Policy 16(3), 993-999.

[217] Passos Medaets, J. P., Fornazier, A., Thome, K. M., 2020. Transition to sustainability in agrifood systems: insights from Brazilian trajectories. J. Rural Stud. 76, 1-11.

[218] Pattison, W. D., 1964. The four traditions of geography. J. Geogr. 63(5), 211-216.

[219] Peng, J., Liu, X., Gu, T., Fu, B., 2024. Developing integrated geography to support the “community” visions. Sci. Bull. 69(6), 727-731.

[220] Perbet, P., Guindon, L, J-Cote, F., Beland, M., 2024. Evaluating deep learning methods applied to Landsat time series subsequences to detect and classify boreal forest disturbances events: the challenge of partial and progressive disturbances. Remote Sens. Environ. 306, 114107.

[221] Pereira, P., Zhao, W., 2025. Geography and geographical knowledge contribute decisively to all sustainable development goals and targets. Geogr. Sustain. 6(1), 100267.

[222] Perry, K. K., 2021. The new ‘bond-age’, climate crisis and the case for climate reparations: unpicking old/new colonialities of finance for development within the SDGs. Geoforum 126, 361-371.

[223] Pritchard, B., Thielemans, R., 2014. ‘Rising waters don’t lift all boats’: a sustainable livelihood analysis of recursive cycles of vulnerability and maladaptation to flood risk in rural Bihar, India. Aust. Geogr. 45(3), 325-339.

[224] Pueyo-Ros, J., Skerjanec, M., Castellar, J. A. C., Atanasova, N., Comas, J., Corominas, L., 2024. Beyond food: a stochastic model to estimate the contributions of urban agriculture to sustainability. Landsc. Urban Plann. 241, 104930.

[225] Qi, W., Deng, Y., Fu, B., 2022. Rural attraction: the spatial pattern and driving factors of China’s rural in-migration. J. Rural Stud. 93, 461-470.

[226] Qiu, J., Zhao, H., Chang, N., Wardropper, C., Campbell, C., Baggio, J., Guan, Z., Kohl, P., Newell, J., Wu, J., 2024. Scale up urban agriculture to leverage transformative food systems change, advance social-ecological resilience and improve sustainability. Nat. Food 5(1), 86-95.

[227] Rafaj, P., Kiesewetter, G., Gul, T., Schoepp, W., Cofala, J., Klimont, Z., Purohit, P., Heyes, C., Amann, M., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cozzi, L., 2018. Outlook for clean air in the context of sustainable development goals. Glob. Environ. Change 53, 1-11.

[228] Rahman, M. M., Szabo, G., 2022. Sustainable urban land-use optimization using GIS-based multicriteria decision-making (GIS-MCDM) approach. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 11(5), 313.

[229] Redclift, M. R., 2009. Sustainable development (1987–2005)—an oxymoron comes of age. Probl. Ekorozw. 4(1), 33-50.

[230] Reigner, H., 2016. Neoliberal rationality and neohygienist morality. A foucaldian analysis of safe and sustainable urban transport policies in France. Territ. Polit. Gov. 4(2), 196-215.

[231] Remme, D., Sareen, S., Haarstad, H., 2022. Who benefits from sustainable mobility transitions? Social inclusion, populist resistance and elite capture in Bergen, Norway. J. Transp. Geogr. 105, 103475.

[232] Reyers, B., Stafford-Smith, M, K-Erb, H., Scholes, R. J., Selomane, O. 2017. Essential variables help to focus sustainable development goals monitoring. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 26-27, pp.97-105.

[233] Robinson, J., 2004. Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development. Ecol. Econ. 48(4), 369-384.

[234] Rockstrom, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, A., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sorlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Foley, J. A., 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461(7263), 472-475.

[235] Rut, M., Davies, A. R., 2018. Transitioning without confrontation? Shared food growing niches and sustainable food transitions in Singapore. Geoforum 96, 278-288.

[236] Sala M, M., 2009. Geography: Volume 1. UNESCO-EOLSS

[237] Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Teksoz, K., Durand-Delacre, D., Sachs, J. D., 2017. National baselines for the sustainable development goals assessed in the SDG index and dashboards. Nat. Geosci. 10(8), 547-555.

[238] Schoolman, E. D., Tulloch, D. L., Halprin, F. R., 2023. Organic for everyone? Access to sustainable, locally grown produce at farmers markets in New Jersey. Local Environ. 28(2), 135-156.

[239] Seabrook, L., Mcalpine, C. A., Bowen, M. E., 2011. Restore, repair or reinvent: options for sustainable landscapes in a changing climate. Landsc. Urban Plan. 100(4), 407-410.

[240] Selg, P., Ventsel, A. 2020. The “relational turn” in the social sciences. P. Selg, A. Ventsel (Eds.), Introducing Relational Political Analysis: Political Semiotics as a Theory and Method, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp.15-40.

[241] Senit, C-A., 2020. Leaving no one behind? The influence of civil society participation on the Sustainable Development Goals. Environ. Plann. C 38(4), 693-712.

[242] Settre, C., Connor, J., Wheeler, S., 2019. Emerging water and carbon market opportunities for environmental water and climate regulation ecosystem service provision. J. Hydrol. 578, 124077.

[243] Shen, Q., Gao, G., Han, F., Xiao, F., Ma, Y., Wang, S., Fu, B., 2018. Quantifying the effects of human activities and climate variability on vegetation cover change in a hyper-arid endorheic basin. Land Degrad. Dev. 29(10), 3294-3304.

[244] Shi, M., Janowicz, K., Verstegen, J., Currier, K., Wiedemann, N., Mai, G., Majic, I., Liu, Z., Zhu, R., 2025. Geography for AI sustainability and sustainability for GeoAI. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 52, 331-349.

[245] Shope, J. B., Storlazzi, C. D., Erikson, L. H., Hegermiller, C. A., 2016. Changes to extreme wave climates of islands within the Western Tropical Pacific throughout the 21st century under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, with implications for island vulnerability and sustainability. Glob. Planet. Change 141, 25-38.

[246] Sicuaio, T., Zhao, P., Pilesjo, P., Shindyapin, A., Mansourian, A., 2024. Sustainable and resilient land use planning: a multi-objective optimization approach. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 13(3), 99.

[247] Silva, R., de, O., Barioni, L. G., Hall, J. A. J., Matsuura, M. F., Albertini, T. Z., Fernandes, F. A., Moran, D., 2016. Increasing beef production could lower greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil if decoupled from deforestation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 6(5), 493-497.

[248] Smith, M., Lal, P., Vedwan, N., 2023. Motivations underlying farmers’ management decisions and willingness to adopt sustainable practices: a case study of the northeastern United States. J. Rural Stud. 103, 103138.

[249] Solis, P., McCusker, B., Menkiti, N., Cowan, N., Blevins, C., 2018. Engaging global youth in participatory spatial data creation for the UN sustainable development goals: the case of open mapping for malaria prevention. Appl. Geogr. 98, 143-155.

[250] Somed, A. A., Adam, A. R., Asibey, M. O., 2024. Rethinking the implications of sprawl to building sustainable secondary cities; case of Tamale, Ghana. Local Environ. 29(6), 806-822.

[251] Song, Y., Miller, H. J., Stempihar, J., Zhou, X., 2017. Green accessibility: estimating the environmental costs of network-time prisms for sustainable transportation planning. J. Transp. Geogr. 64, 109-119.

[252] Sprenger, S., Nienaber, B., 2018. (Education for) Sustainable development in geography education: review and outlook from a perspective of Germany. J. Geogr. High. Educ. 42(2), 157-173.

[253] Stafford-Smith, M., Griggs, D., Gaffney, O., Ullah, F., Reyers, B., Kanie, N., Stigson, B., Shrivastava, P., Leach, M., O’Connell, D., 2017. Integration: the key to implementing the sustainable development goals. Sustain. Sci. 12(6), 911-919.

[254] Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockstrom, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., de Vries, W., de Wit, C. A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G. M., Persson, L. M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B., Sorlin, S., 2015. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347(6223), 1259855.

[255] Stoddart, M. C. J., Bernharosdottir, Á.E., Yang, Y., 2024. Regionalizing the Sustainable Development Goals for island societies: lessons from Iceland and Newfoundland. Isl. Stud. J. 19(2), 168-190.

[256] Stremke, S., Koh, J., Neven, K., Boekel, A., 2012. Integrated visions (part II): envisioning sustainable energy landscapes. Eur. Plan. Stud. 20(4), 609-626.

[257] Sultana, F., 2018. An(other) geographical critique of development and SDGs. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 8(2), 186-190.

[258] Sumane, S., Kunda, I., Knickel, K., Strauss, A., Tisenkopfs, T., des los Rios, I., Rivera, M., Chebach, T., Ashkenazy, A., 2018. Local and farmers’ knowledge matters! How integrating informal and formal knowledge enhances sustainable and resilient agriculture. J. Rural Stud. 59, 232-241.

[259] Tammaru, T., Sevtsuk, A., Witlox, F., 2023. Towards an equity-centred model of sustainable mobility: integrating inequality and segregation challenges in the green mobility transition. J. Transp. Geogr. 112, 103686.

[260] Tarashkar, M., Qureshi, S., Wang, Z., Rahimi, A., 2024. Public perceptions towards urban horticulture in front-yard greenhouses: unveiling ecosystem services and practices for sustainable and resilient city. Sustain. Futures 7, 100205.

[261] Tekalign, M., Flasse, C., Frankl, A., Van Rompaey, A., Poesen, J., Nyssen, J., Muys, B., 2018. Forest cover loss and recovery in an East African remnant forest area: understanding its context and drivers for conservation and sustainable ecosystem service provision. Appl. Geogr. 98, 133-142.

[262] Tellman, B., Sullivan, J. A., Kuhn, C., Kettner, A. J., Doyle, C. S., Brakenridge, G. R., Erickson, T. A., Slayback, D. A., 2021. Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods. Nature 596(7870), 80-86.

[263] Thorne, J. H., Santos, M. J., Bjorkman, J., Soong, O., Ikegami, M., Seo, C., Hannah, L., 2017. Does infill outperform climate-adaptive growth policies in meeting sustainable urbanization goals? A scenario-based study in California, USA. Landsc. Urban Plan. 157, 483-492.

[264] Tian, Q., Brown, D. G., Bao, S., Qi, S., 2015. Assessing and mapping human well-being for sustainable development amid flood hazards: Poyang Lake Region of China. Appl. Geogr. 63, 66-76.

[265] Tran, M., Draeger, C., 2021. A data-driven complex network approach for planning sustainable and inclusive urban mobility hubs and services. Environ. Plann. B 48(9), 2726-2742.

[266] Tripathi, S., Bachmann, N., Brunner, M., Rizk, Z., Jodlbauer, H., 2024. Assessing the current landscape of AI and sustainability literature: identifying key trends, addressing gaps and challenges. J. Big Data 11(1), 47.

[267] Trygg, K., Wenander, H., 2022. Strategic spatial planning for sustainable development—Swedish planners’ institutional capacity. Eur. Plan. Stud. 30(10), 1985-2001.

[268] Turner II, B. L., 2010. Vulnerability and resilience: coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science?. Glob. Environ. Change 20(4), 570-576.

[269] United Nations UN 2015 United Nations (UN). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations General Assembly, New York

[270] United Nations (UN) 2024 United Nations (UN). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024. United Nations, New York

[271] Vackarova, D., Medkova, H., Krpec, P., Weinzettel, J., 2023. Ecosystem services footprint of international trade: economic value of ecosystem services lost due to crop production. Ecosyst. Serv. 64, 101560.

[272] Vallance, S., Perkins, H. C., Dixon, J. E., 2011. What is social sustainability? A clarification of concepts. Geoforum 42(3), 342-348.

[273] Van Rijsbergen, C. J., Robertson, S. E., Porter, M. F., 1980. New Models in Probabilistic Information Retrieval. British Library Research and Development Department, London

[274] Viña, A., Liu, J., 2023. Effects of global shocks on the evolution of an interconnected world. Ambio 52(1), 95-106.

[275] Walker, M., Winders, J., 2021. Where is artificial intelligence? Geographies, ethics, and practices of AI. Space Polity 25(2), 163-166.

[276] Walker, M., Winders, J. L., 2024. Geographies of artificial intelligence: labor, surveillance, and activism. Hum. Geogr. 17(2), 227-235.

[277] Wamsler, C., Osberg, G., Osika, W., Herndersson, H., Mundaca, L., 2021. Linking internal and external transformation for sustainability and climate action: towards a new research and policy agenda. Glob. Environ. Change 71, 102373.

[278] Wang, H., Pandey, S., Hu, F., Xu, P., Zhou, J., Li, J., Deng, X., Feng, L., Wen, L., Li, J., Li, Y., Velasco, L. E., Ding, S., Tao, D., 2010. Farmers’ adoption of improved upland rice technologies for sustainable mountain development in Southern Yunnan. Mt. Res. Dev. 30(4), 373-380.

[279] Wang, Q., Zhang, F., Li, R., 2025. Artificial intelligence and sustainable development during urbanization: perspectives on AI R&D innovation, AI infrastructure, and AI market advantage. Sustain. Dev. 33(1), 1136-1156.

[280] Wang, S., Huang, X., Liu, P., Zhang, M., Biljecki, F., Hu, T., Fu, X., Liu, L., Liu, X., Wang, R., Huang, Y., Yan, J., Jiang, J., Chukwu, M., Naghedi, S. R., Hemmati, M., Shao, Y., Jia, N., Xiao, Z., Bao, S., 2024. Mapping the landscape and roadmap of geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) in quantitative human geography: an extensive systematic review. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 128, 103734.

[281] Weck, S., Ritzinger, A., 2021. Co-producing just and sustainable localities: emphasising the role of local authorities in current practices in Germany. Erde 152(4), 232-243.

[282] Weiser, P., Scheider, S., Bucher, D., Kiefer, P., Raubal, M., 2016. Towards sustainable mobility behavior: research challenges for location-aware information and communication technology. Geoinformatica 20(2), 213-239.

[283] West, S., Haider, L. J., Stalhammar, S., Woroniecki, S., 2020. A relational turn for sustainability science? Relational thinking, leverage points and transformations. Ecosyst. People 16(1), 304-325.

[284] Wong, N. H., Jusuf, S. K., Tan, C. L., 2011. Integrated urban microclimate assessment method as a sustainable urban development and urban design tool. Landsc. Urban Plan. 100(4), 386-389.

[285] World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford

[286] Wu, J., 2010. Urban sustainability: an inevitable goal of landscape research. Landsc. Ecol. 25(1), 1-4.

[287] Wu, J., 2013. Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes. Landsc. Ecol. 28(6), 999-1023.

[288] Wu, J., 2014. Urban ecology and sustainability: the state-of-the-science and future directions. Landsc. Urban Plan. 125, 209-221.

[289] Wu, X., Fu, B., Wang, S., Song, S., Li, Y., Xu, Z., Wei, Y., Liu, J., 2022. Decoupling of SDGs followed by re-coupling as sustainable development progresses. Nat. Sustain. 5(5), 452-459.

[290] Wu, Y., Li, J., Wu, H., Duan, Y., Shen, H., Du, S., 2024. Sustainable urban planning to control flood exposure in the coastal zones of China. Landsc. Ecol. 39(8), 146.

[291] Xiao, W., Mills, J., Guidi, G., Rodriguez-Gonzalvez, P., Barsanti, S. G., Gonzalez-Aguilera, D., 2018. Geoinformatics for the conservation and promotion of cultural heritage in support of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 142, 389-406.

[292] Xu, Z., Chau, S. N., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Dietz, T., Wang, J., Winkler, J. A., Fan, F., Huang, B., Li, S., Wu, S., Herzberger, A., Tang, Y., Hong, D., Li, Y., Liu, J., 2020. Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time. Nature 577(7788), 74-78.

[293] Yildirim, E., Baltà Portolés, J., Pascual, J., Perrino, M., Llobet, M., Wyber, S., Phillips, P., Gicquel, L., Martínez, R., Miller, S., Guerra, C., 2019. Culture in the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda report by the culture 2030 goal campaign. Culture2030Goal campaign

[294] Yin, C., Zhao, W., Pereira, P., 2025. Ecosystem restoration along the “pattern-process-service-sustainability” path for achieving land degradation neutrality. Landsc. Urban Plan. 253, 105227.

[295] Zhang, Y., Wei, C., He, Z., Yu, W., 2024. GeoGPT: an assistant for understanding and processing geospatial tasks. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 131, 103976.

[296] Zhao, W., Liu, Y., Feng, Q., Wang, Y., Yang, S., 2018. Ecosystem services for coupled human and environment systems. Prog. Geogr. 37(1), 139-151.

[297] Zhao, W., Ni, Z., Yin, C., Liu, Y., Pereira, P., 2025. Research framework for integrated geography: composite driving–system evolution–coupling mechanism–synergistic regulation. Geogr. Sustain. 6(3), 100321.

[298] Zhao, W., Wang, Y., 2016. A bibliometric analysis of landscape ecology research in mainland China from 1981 to 2015. Acta Ecol. Sin. 36(23), 7886-7896.

[299] Zhao, W., Yin, C., Zhang, J., Fu, B., 2024. Progress and prospects of geography in promoting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: a discussion on the theoretical framework of Sustainable Geography. Acta Geogr. Sin. 79(11), 2699-2720.

[300] Ziliaskopoulos, K., Laspidou, C., 2024. Using remote-sensing and citizen-science data to assess urban biodiversity for sustainable cityscapes: the case study of Athens, Greece. Landsc. Ecol. 39(2), 33.