Exploring regional variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: Insights from Bangladesh’s districts

Abstract

Agriculture is part of the food production that feeds the expanding population though it produces considerable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It’s crucial to balancing food security and emission reduction for a win-win scenario. However, the lack of sufficient comprehensive district-level assessments makes it difficult to determine the specific mitigation potential for agriculture emissions. In this study, we deployed the IPCC Tier 1 approach and estimated GHG at district/division level in Bangladesh from the year 2010 to 2021. We computed three primary GHG (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄) from five sources of agriculture, namely, rice-growing CH₄, other crops-growing N₂O, enteric fermentation, urea fertilizer-induced N₂O, and energy-related CO₂ emissions in the 64 districts, and aggregated them into eight divisions. We observed from this study that GHG emissions in Bangladesh gradually increased from 2010 to 2021 and reached the peak (34.3 MtCO₂e) in 2021. Rangpur division emitted the highest amount of GHG (6.03 MtCO₂e in 2021) during this period. We also observed significant variations in the sources and structure of emissions within each division. Moreover, regional differences were observed in overall emissions and per capita emissions after additional spatial analysis, with per capita GHG emissions declining from 2010 (1.97 tCO₂e) to 2021 (1.90 tCO₂e). Findings of this regional (district/division) estimation will help stakeholders of the country to develop suitable mitigation approaches which targets particular emission sources and geographic areas.

Keywords

Agricultural production / Agri-food system / Greenhouse gas emissions / Spatial pattern / Bangladesh

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Shaikh Shamim Hasan: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Validation, Supervision, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Zhihui Li: Visualization, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Fan Zhang: Validation, Software, Formal analysis.

Declaration of competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 72221002) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) (Grant No. 2024VCA0001).

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100298.

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