Analyzing the extent and use of impervious land in rural landscapes

Abstract

The amount of impervious surface is increasing rapidly worldwide. Although urban expansion has been studied extensively, the alteration of impervious land cover in rural regions remains under-examined. In particular, insights into the utilization of these sealed surfaces are crucially needed to unravel the underlying dynamics of land use changes beyond urban areas. This study focuses on rural regions from a Swiss case study and presents an analysis of the use of sealed surfaces in such regions, rather than solely quantifying the extent of sealed surfaces. Utilizing a synergistic approach that merges detailed cadastral plans with very-high-resolution remote sensing imagery and sophisticated deep learning algorithms, we characterized the uses of sealed surfaces, including buildings and their surroundings. Our findings reveal that 2.1 % of the study area’s rural regions comprises sealed surfaces - an area comparable to the sealed surfaces in the urban regions. Within these rural regions, transport infrastructure represents 68 % of this impervious surface. Buildings account for 12 %, and their surroundings, constituting 13 %, are utilized primarily for agricultural purposes, including farming and livestock activities. The deep learning approach achieved a classification accuracy of 72 % for a shallow model and 79 % for a deeper model, indicating that mapping building types is possible with reasonable accuracy. The outcomes of this study underscore the critical need to factor in the presence and utilization of impervious land cover within rural regions for the sustainable management of land resources.

Keywords

Soil sealing / Rural areas / Very-high-resolution aerial imagery / Building types / Convolutional neural networks / Cadastral data

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Andreas Moser: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Jasper van Vliet: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Ulrike Wissen Hayek: Supervision, Project administration. Adrienne Grêt-Regamey: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Project administration.

Declaration of competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This research is part of the project “Interkantonal koordiniertes Monitoring Bauen ausserhalb Bauzonen” and was funded by the Swiss Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE), Swiss Federal Office for Environment (FOEN), Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG), Canton of Bern (Amt für Gemeinden und Raumordnung), Canton of St. Gallen (Amt für Raumentwicklung und Geoinformation), Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Amt für Raum und Wald), Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden (Amt für Raumentwicklung), Canton of Glarus (Abteilung Raumentwicklung und Geoinformation), and Canton of Vaud (Direction générale du territoire et du logement). JvV was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO in the form of a VIDI grant (Grant No. VI.Vidi.198.008).

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2024.08.004.

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