Assessment of Chinese urban land-use efficiency (SDG11.3.1) utilizing high-precision urban built-up area data

Abstract

Assessment of SDG11.3.1 indicator of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a valuable tool for policymakers in urban planning. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of the SDG11.3.1 evaluation and explore the impact of varying precision levels in urban built-up area on the indicator’s assessment outcomes. We developed an algorithm to generate accurate urban built-up area data products based on China’s Geographical Condition Monitoring data with a 2 m resolution. The study evaluates urban land-use efficiency in China from 2015 to 2020 across different geographical units using both the research product and data derived from other studies utilizing medium and low-resolution imagery. The results indicate: (1) A significant improvement in the accuracy of our urban built-up area data, with the SDG11.3.1 evaluation results demonstrating a more precise reflection of spatiotemporal characteristics. The indicator shows a positive correlation with the accuracy level of the built-up area data; (2) From 2015 to 2020, Chinese prefecture-level cities have undergone faster urbanization in terms of land expansion relative to population growth, leading to less optimal land resource utilization. Only in extra-large cities does urban population growth show a relatively balanced pattern. However, urban population growth in other regions and cities of various sizes lags behind land urbanization. Notably, Northeast China and small to medium cities encounter significant challenges in urban population growth. The comprehensive framework developed for evaluating SDG11.3.1 with high-precision urban built-up area data can be adapted to different national regions, yielding more accurate SDG11.3.1 outcomes. Our urban area and built-up area data products provide crucial inputs for calculating at least four indicators related to SDG11.

Keywords

SDG11.3.1 / Land-use efficiency / Urban built-up area / Urbanization / Population growth

Data availability statement

The dataset of China’s Urban Area (CUD) and Urban Built-up Area (CUBD) generated in this study is accessible to the public for non-commercial research purposes. The dataset is available for download at https://github.com/CSPON2035/China-s-Urban-area-CUD-and-Urban-Built-up-area-CUBD-.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Hao Wang: Project administration, Writing – original draft, Resources, Writing – review & editing. Yafei Liu: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology. Lianze Sun: Data curation, Visualization. Xiaogang Ning: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Guangzhe Li: Validation, Visualization.

Declaration of competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This research is jointly funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFC3804001), the Natural Resources Planning and Management Project (Grant No. A2417, A2418) and the Fundamental Scientific Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes (Grant No. AR2409).

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2024.06.007.

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