COCKPIT-PLUS: A proposed method for rapid groundwater vulnerability-driven land use zoning in tropical cockpit karst areas

Abstract

Karst groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination, which urges better land use zoning. This paper proposes a new approach, called COCKPIT-PLUS, to minimize groundwater contamination within cockpit karst regions. The method employed four parameters: P (the existence of ponor/swallow hole), L (lineament density), U (sinking stream to an underground river), and S (distance to spring/pumping site). These parameters are essential for identifying contaminant pathways and transport from the surface to the karst groundwater/springs. COCKPIT-PLUS has been developed and validated in the Gunungsewu karst in Java, Indonesia. This research considers a cockpit as a single hydrological unit that uniquely recharges karst groundwater. We analyzed 2,811 cockpits and 81 other closed depressions to develop a land use planning map. The research used the time to first arrival (Ta), time to peak (Tp), and Q_max/min ratio parameters of two karst springs and two underground pumping sites for validation. Cockpits with ponors/swallow holes, sinking streams, high lineament density, and short distances to springs are vulnerable to groundwater and thus must be restricted areas for any land uses. The findings show that though the COCKPIT-PLUS uses a limited karst dataset, the proposed method seems reliable enough for a rapid land-use zoning approach in cockpit karst areas.

Keywords

Cockpit karst / Karst aquifer / Land use planning / Rapid assessment / Karst vulnerability

Declaration of Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This study was part of a karst land-use planning project of the Yogyakarta Special Province (DIY). Special thanks to Rinaldy Saputro for help in processing the GIS data, Agus Hendratno and CV Madani Callysta Saibuyun for supporting the project, and ASC the information and data provided. Thanks to Hendy Fatchurohman, M. Hafiz Damar, Istriyar Wikanto, Sigit Wicaksono, Fuad Dwi Rahmawan, and Syahrul for their assistance in the field survey.

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2023.07.002.

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