Evolution of gully erosion and susceptibility factors in the urban watershed of the Kimemi (Butembo/DR Congo)

Abstract

Gully erosion is one of the most intense landscape degradation mechanisms in areas with varying environmental characteristics. Both natural and anthropogenic factors affect the gullying process. Reliable documentation of these processes in tropical African cities is scarce. This study assessed the gully erosion dynamic and the susceptibility factors in the urban watershed of Kimemi in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Data were obtained through a combination of fieldwork and digitization of very high spatial resolution images from Google Earth (from 2011 to 2021). The length, width, and area of large gullies (width ≥ 5 m) were measured for each year of the study. A logistic regression model (LRM) was also used to investigate the influence of both physical and anthropogenic factors on gully susceptibility. The results revealed that the number of gullies has increased from 36 to 61 during the last decade. The gully mean length of 63.9 ± 61.1 m, 129.3 ± 104.9 m, and 174.7 ± 153.8 m were obtained for the years 2011, 2015, and 2021 respectively. The average density of gully network for the study period was 0.12 km/km², while the degraded land was ∼1.3 and ∼1.1 ha/year for 2011–2015 and 2015–2021 for the entire watershed. The significant changes in morphometric parameters (length, width, area) were found only in the bare land and building land uses. A strong and positive relationship between the length (m) and the area (ha) was found. Furthermore, the susceptibility of gullying was significantly influenced by the slope, stream power index (SPI), distance to roads and rivers, land use and land cover (LULC), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). This means the areas located in the bare land and building or close to roads and/or streams are more likely to be gullied. The findings emphasize the impact of urbanization on gully erosion in the Kimemi watershed, highlighting the importance of informed land management decisions with a close attention to anthropogenic factors.

Keywords

Soil erosion / Gully susceptibility / LRM / Urbanization / Watershed / Butembo

Declaration of Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to acknowledge all anonymous reviewers.

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2023.07.001.

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