The importance of phylogenetic studies in the evolution of beta-lactamases: Tracing antimicrobial resistance in priority pathogens

Abstract

Beta- lactams have long been the standard therapeutic strategy for combating bacterial infections. However, the increasing resistance to these antibiotics has become a growing concern. One of the primary contributors to bacterial resistance is the production of beta-lactamases (BLs), enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring of these antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. In response, several alternative therapeutic strategies have been tested, but their success rate has been limited, highlighting the need for further research in this domain. Thus, it is crucial to study the evolution of BLs and their variants, as well as their transmission dynamics. In addition, cryptic genetic variations (CGVs), which act as hidden reservoirs of potential future phenotypes of BLs, have received insufficient attention. Identifying CGVs could help pinpoint selective pressures to avoid to prevent the evolution of BLs. Unlike conventional reviews that focus on classes of BLs or their resistance mechanisms, this article emphasizes the evolutionary perspectives of BLs. We explore the role of phylogenetic analysis in understanding the rise of different BL variants and their evolution in response to different selective pressures and gene transfer events. Most importantly, this review underscores the evolution of BLs, particularly in the context of the priority pathogens listed by the World Health Organization.

Keywords

Phylogenetic analysis / Evolution / Antimicrobial resistance / Beta-lactamases / Cryptic genetic variations / Priority pathogen / World Health Organization

Acknowledgments

Ananya Anurag Anand, Sreedevi PC, and Kshitiz K would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Government of India, for their fellowship. Sarfraz Anwar is grateful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-University Grants Commission for his fellowship. Vidushi Yadav is thankful to the Uttar Pradesh-Council of Science & Technology, Government of Uttar Pradesh for her fellowship. We also thank the Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad for providing a research facility.

Funding

None.

Conflict of interest

Sintu Kumar Samanta is an Editorial Board Member of this journal but was not involved in the editorial or peer-review process for this paper, either directly or indirectly. Separately, the other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Sintu Kumar Samanta, Ananya Anurag Anand

Writing - original draft: All authors

Writing - review & editing: Sintu Kumar Samanta, Ananya Anurag Anand

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data

Not applicable.

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