Dementia is a syndrome that can cause a number of progressive illnesses that affect memory, thinking, and ability to perform everyday tasks. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and represents a major public health problem. AD is a progressive disease, where in early stages there is mild memory loss and in late-stage patient loses the ability to carry on a conversation. AD (for which there is no exact cause and cure known so far) is the sixth leading cause of deaths in the United States. Every 68 second someone develops AD. This study focuses on protein structure modeling of genes presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) and their mutated forms (Asn141Tyr found in Chinese family, Gly34Ser identified in a Japanese patient, and Arg62Cys & Val214Leu identified in the Korean patients). It also involves wild and mutant type comparison, protein interaction studies, docking and phylogenetic history based on representative ortholog species and also sheds insight into the comparative evolutionary rates of coding sequence across various orthologs. This study gives a time and cost-effective analysis of genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2) underlying AD and genetic alterations that drive development and causes of disease.

Dyslexia is a genetic and heritable disorder that has yet to discover the treatment of it, especially at the molecular and drug intervention levels. This review provides an overview of the current findings on the environmental and genetic factors involved in developmental dyslexia. The latest techniques used in diagnosing the disease and macromolecular factors findings may contribute to a higher degree of development in detangling the proper management and treatment for dyslexic individuals. Furthermore, this review tried to put together all the models used in the current dyslexia research for references in future studies that include animal models as well as in vitro models and how the previous research has provided consistent data across many years and regions. Thus, we suggest furthering the studies using an organoid model based on the existing gene polymorphism, pathways, and neuronal function input.

Background Variants of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) gene in humans are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder—Hao-Fountain syndrome, its core symptoms including developmental delay, intellectual disability, and speech delay. Other variable symptoms can affect multiple systems. In present study, we report two patients with core features from two unrelated consanguineous families originating from the Tianjin Children's Hospital.
Methods and Results Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples collected from the probands with their family members and whole-exome sequencing (WES) was used to detect the pathogenic genes in the probands. Suspected variants were subsequently validated by Sanger sequencing. In family 1, WES revealed that the proband carried the de novo variant c.2697A > C (p.Leu899Phe) in USP7 (NM_003470.3). In family 2, WES identified the variant c.3305A > C (p.Asn1102Thr) in USP7 (NM_003470.3) from the proband.
Conclusion We reported two cases of Hao-Fountain syndrome caused by novel USP7 variants. In addition, we report the first case of mosaicism with a USP7 variant in Chinese family. Our findings demonstrate the importance of WES in diagnosis of genetic diseases and expands the USP7 variants spectrum in Hao-Fountain syndrome. Moreover, we summarize the cases caused by USP7 variants in the literature. Our study can provide a vital reference for the diagnosis of future cases.

We report a 4-year-old girl with neurodevelopmental abnormalities who has maternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 2 leading to homozygosity for a likely pathogenic variant in SPR, and a variant of uncertain significance in ZNF142. Biallelic pathogenic variants in SPR lead to sepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD), a dopa-responsive dystonia. Pathogenic variants in ZNF142 are associated with an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired speech and hyperkinetic movements, which has significant clinical overlap with SRD. Our patient showed dramatic improvement in motor skills after treatment with levodopa. We also reviewed 67 published reports of uniparental disomy of chromosome 2 (UPD2) associated with various clinical outcomes. These include autosomal recessive disorders associated with loci on chromosome 2, infants with UPD2 whose gestations were associated with confined placental mosaicism for trisomy 2 leading to intrauterine growth restriction with good postnatal catchup growth, and normal phenotypes in children and adults with an incidental finding of either maternal or paternal UPD2. These latter reports provide support for the conclusion that genes located on chromosome 2 are not subject to imprinting. We also explore the mechanisms giving rise to UPD2.

Epidemiological and experimental evidence has linked chronic inflammation to the etiology of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). However, it remains unclear whether genetic associations with specific inflammatory biomarkers are causal or due to bias. This study aimed to assess the effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) and systemic inflammatory regulators on MPN within a bidirectional Mendelian randomization design. Genetic associations with MPN were derived from a publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprising 1,086 cases and 407,155 controls of European ancestry. Additionally, data on inflammation were extracted from two GWASs focusing on CRP and cytokines. The causal relationships between exposure and outcome were explored using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. To confirm the final results, multiple sensitivity analyses, including MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), were simultaneously employed. Our results suggest that lower levels of macrophage-migration inhibitory factor (IVW estimate odds ratio [OR IVW] per SD genetic cytokines change: 0.641; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.427-0.964; p = 0.032) and higher levels of interleukin-2 receptor α (lL2Rα, 1.377, 95% CI: 1.006-1.883; p = 0.046) are associated with an increased risk of MPN. Genetically predicted MPN is related to increased levels of RANTES (IVW estimate β: 0.043, 95% CI: 0.002-0.084; p = 0.039) and interleukin-10 (IVW estimate β: 0.030, 95% CI: 0.001-0.060; p = 0.041). This study provides evidence for a causal relationship between CRP, systemic inflammatory regulators, and MPN, and new insights into the etiology, prevention, and prognosis of MPN.

Introduction CEP152 encodes protein Cep152, which associates with centrosome function. The lack of Cep152 can cause centrosome duplication to fail. CEP152 mutates, causing several diseases such as Seckel syndrome-5 and primary microencephaly-9.
Methods In this study, we reported a patient diagnosed with epilepsy in Tianjin Children's Hospital. We performed clinical examination and laboratory test, and whole-exome sequencing was performed for the proband's and his parents' peripheral blood. The suspected compound-heterozygous variant in the CEP152 gene was verified by Sanger sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technology.
Results We discovered three variants—two of them from CEP152 and one from HPD. The result showed the variants in CEP152 only. The patient presented with seizures frequently. Sanger sequencing showed two novel variants in CEP152 are in exon26 (NM_014985.3 c.3968C > A p.Ser1323*) and in exon16 (NM_014985.3 c.2034_2036del p.Tyr678*).
Conclusions We reported a novel compound-heterozygous variant in the CEP152 gene in this study. Most of the phenotypes are Seckel syndrome and primary microencephaly, and the novel variant may cause an atypical phenotype that is epilepsy.

Background Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are evolutionarily conserved enzymes that ensure the accuracy of the translation process. Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2 (IARS2) gene is a type of ARS that encodes mitochondrial isoleucine-tRNA synthetase. Pathogenic variants in the IARS2 gene are associated with mitochondrial disease which involves several patients presenting broad clinical phenotypes. These clinical phenotypes include West syndrome, Leigh syndrome, and Cataract, growth hormone deficiency, sensory neuropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, and skeletal dysplasia syndrome. Only 29 cases have been reported worldwide. The patient manifested recurrent convulsions, and specific clinical manifestations included electrolyte disorders and recurrent infections.
Methods Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the child with West syndrome. Three-dimensional structure reconstruction and thermodynamic stability prediction were performed to further analyze the relationship between variation and phenotype.
Conclusion This study further expands the clinical spectrum of IARS2 pathogenic variants. The case summaries help raise clinical awareness of IARS2-associated disease and reduce misdiagnosis.
Result In this report, a 13-month-old girl was diagnosed with West syndrome and Leigh syndrome for 7 months. Compound heterozygous variants in the IARS2 gene (NM_018060.4), c.2450G>A (Arg817His) and copy number variation (NC_000001. 11: g. (220267549_220284289) del), were detected by WES. This study further expands the clinical spectrum of IARS2 pathogenic variants. The case summaries help raise clinical awareness of IARS2-associated disease and reduce misdiagnosis.

Precise quantification of the JAK2^V617F mutation using highly sensitive assays is crucial for diagnosis, treatment process monitoring, and prognostic prediction in myeloproliferative neoplasms' (MPNs) patients. Digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) enables precise quantification of low-level mutations amidst a high percentage of wild type alleles without the need for external calibrators or endogenous controls. The objective of this study was to optimize a ddPCR assay for detecting the JAK2^V617F mutation and establish it as a laboratory-developed ddPCR assay in our center. The optimization process involved fine-tuning five key parameters: primer/probe sequences and concentrations, annealing temperature, template amount, and PCR cycles. Our ddPCR assay demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, and the limit of quantification (LoQ) was 0.01% variant allele frequency with a coefficient of variation of approximately 76%. A comparative analysis with quantitative PCR on 39 samples showed excellent consistency (r = 0.988).
In summary, through rigorous optimization process and comprehensive analytic performance validation, we have established a highly sensitive and discriminative laboratory-developed ddPCR platform for JAK2^V617F detection. This optimized assay holds promise for early detection of minimal residual disease, personalized risk stratification, and potentially more effective treatment strategies in MPN patients and non-MPN populations.

The fusion genes NRG1 and NRG2, members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family, have emerged as key drivers in cancer. Upon fusion, NRG1 retains its EGF-like active domain, binds to the ERBB ligand family, and triggers intracellular signaling cascades, promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation. The incidence of NRG1 gene fusion varies across cancer types, with lung cancer being the most prevalent at 0.19 to 0.27%. CD74 and SLC3A2 are the most frequently observed fusion partners. RNA-based next-generation sequencing is the primary method for detecting NRG1 and NRG2 gene fusions, whereas pERBB3 immunohistochemistry can serve as a rapid prescreening tool for identifying NRG1-positive patients. Currently, there are no approved targeted drugs for NRG1 and NRG2. Common treatment approaches involve pan-ERBB inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors targeting ERBB2 or ERBB3, and monoclonal antibodies. Given the current landscape of NRG1 and NRG2 in solid tumors, a consensus among diagnostic and treatment experts is proposed, and clinical trials hold promise for benefiting more patients with NRG1 and NRG2 gene fusion solid tumors.

Background In addition to its multifaceted physiological functions, vitamin D is recognized for its protective role against cancer. To manifest its effects, vitamin D engages with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene responsible for its encoding. Investigations have unveiled that polymorphisms within the VDR gene exert influence over the expression and/or functionality of the VDR protein. Notably, certain VDR gene polymorphisms have emerged as particularly pertinent in the context of tumorigenesis, including Fok1 (rs2228570), Bsm1 (rs1544410), Taq1 (rs771236), and Apa1 (rs7975232). This study aims to scrutinize the correlation between the Bsm1 and Apa1 polymorphisms and the susceptibility to breast cancer development.
Materials and Methods In this study, 50 patients suffering from breast cancer with less than 6 months breast cancer diagnosis and 50 healthy control individuals have been chosen. Restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the genotype of polymorphisms.
Results The results of the statistical analysis showed that among the studied polymorphisms, there was no correlation with the development of breast cancer.
Conclusion Studies on various cancers have produced inconsistent results regarding vitamin D's role in the development and progression of cancer. Therefore, further research is necessary to determine vitamin D's role in cancer development and progression.

The article explores the multifaceted role of the neuropeptide oxytocin in human behavior and its connection to the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene. Oxytocin, produced in specific brain nuclei, is implicated in emotional, social, and maternal behaviors, stress reduction, uterine contraction during childbirth, and lactation. The OXTR gene, located on chromosome 3, encodes oxytocin receptors found in various body parts, including critical brain regions associated with social behaviors. The article delves into studies on rodents, revealing correlations between OXTR gene expression and pair bonding in the prefrontal cortex and social behavior regulation in the amygdala. The discussion extends to the impact of oxytocin on social support-seeking behavior, focusing on a specific genetic variation, rs53576. The article explores how this genetic variation influences empathy, stress reactivity, and susceptibility to disorders such as autism and social anxiety. Furthermore, the article examines structural and functional changes in the brain associated with OXTR gene variations. It discusses the role of DNA methylation in influencing oxytocin receptor availability, affecting social perception and responsiveness to negative stimuli. The article also highlights the oxytocinergic system's involvement in disorders such as autism and social anxiety, emphasizing the interplay between genetics and environmental factors. The article also touches on the potential therapeutic use of exogenous oxytocin in mitigating symptoms associated with these disorders. In summary, the article underscores the intricate relationship between oxytocin, the OXTR gene, and diverse aspects of human behavior, providing insights into social bonding, perception, and the development of behavioral disorders.

This communication concerns a crucial query in immunology, that is, the dimension of an epitope. The issue has essential implications in vaccine formulations.

Background Hereditary cardiomyopathies are commonly occurring myocardial conditions affecting heart structure and function with a genetic or familial association, but the etiology is often unknown. Cardiomyopathies are linked to significant mortality, requiring robust risk stratification with genetic testing and early diagnosis.
Hypothesis We hypothesized that health care disparities exist in genetic testing for hereditary cardiomyopathies within clinical practice and research studies.
Methods In a narrative fashion, we conducted a literature search with online databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Science Direct on papers related to hereditary cardiomyopathies. A comprehensive analysis of findings from articles in English on disparities in diagnostics and treatment was grouped into four categories.
Results Racial and ethnic disparities in research study enrollment and health care delivery favor White populations and higher socioeconomic status, resulting in differences in the development and implementation of effective genetic screening. Such disparities have shown to be detrimental, as minorities often suffer from disease progression to heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Barriers related to clinical genetic testing included insurance-related issues and health illiteracy. The underrepresentation of minority populations extends to research methodologies, as testing in ethnic minorities resulted in a significantly lower detection rate and diagnostic yield, as well as a higher likelihood of misclassification of variants.
Conclusions Prioritizing minority-based participatory research programs and screening protocols can address systemic disparities. Diversifying research studies can improve risk stratification strategies and impact clinical practice.

Background Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion events account for 3 to 7% of genetic alterations in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to explore the landscape of ALK fusion-positive and ALK fusion-negative in a large cohort of NSCLC patients.
Methods The formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of NSCLC patients who underwent next-generation sequencing from 2020 to 2023 in Yinfeng Gene Technology Co., Ltd. Clinical laboratory were included in this study.
Results In the current study, a total of 180 (3.20%) patients tested positive for ALK fusions in 5,622 NSCLC samples. Within the ALK-positive cohort, a total of 228 ALK fusions were identified. Furthermore, five novel ALK fusion partners, including DAB1-ALK, KCMF1-ALK, KIF13A-ALK, LOC643770-ALK, and XDH-ALK were identified. In cases with ALK fusion-positive, TP53 alterations were the most prevalent (26.3%), followed by CDKN2A (8.4%), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, 5.6%), and ALK (5.6%). By contrast, EGFR alterations were most prevalent (51%) in patients with ALK fusion-negative NSCLC, followed by TP53 (42.7%), KRAS (11.6%), and CDKN2A (11.3%). A total of 10 cases where ALK fusion co-occurred with EGFR mutations were also identified. Notably, the ALK fusion positivity rate was higher in younger patients (p < 0.0001) and in female patients (p = 0.0429). Additionally, positive ALK test results were more prevalent in patients with high programmed death-ligand 1 expression, especially when applying a 50% cutoff.
Conclusions Collectively, these findings offer valuable genomic insights that could inform the personalized clinical care of patients with NSCLC harboring ALK fusions within the context of precision medicine.

Introduction VMA21-related myopathy is one of the rare forms of slowly progressive myopathy observed in males. Till now, there have been only a handful of reports, mainly from Europe and America, and two reports from India.
Method Here, we describe a case of genetically confirmed VMA21-associated myopathy with clinical, histopathological, and imaging features with a list of known VMA21 mutations.
Results A 29-year-old man had the onset of symptoms at 18 years of age with features of proximal lower limb weakness. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging showed the preferential involvement of vasti and adductor magnus. A biopsy of the left quadriceps femoris showed features of autophagic vacuolar myopathy with vacuoles containing granular eosinophilic materials. In targeted next-generation sequencing, hemizygous mutation in the 3′ splice site of intron 2 of the VMA21 gene (c.164-7 T > A) was identified and confirmed the diagnosis of X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy.
Conclusion This report expands the phenotypic and genotypic profile of VMA21-related myopathy, with a yet unreported mutation in India.

Objective Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells which is characterized by morphologic dysplasia. However, the pathological characteristics of megakaryocytes (MKs) in MDS patients with gene mutation are not well established.
Methods Bone marrow MK specimens from 104 patients with primary MDS were evaluated, and all patients were distributed into two groups according to gene mutation associated with functional MKs. The morphologic and cellular characteristics of MKs and platelets were recorded and compared.
Results The more frequently mutated genes in MDS patients were TUBB1 (11.54%), VWF (8.65%), NBEAL2 (5.77%), and the most common point mutation was TUBB1 p.(R307H) and p.(Q43P). Patients with MK mutation showed a decrease in adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, high proportion of CD34⁺ CD61⁺ MKs (10.00 vs. 4.00%, p = 0.012), and short overall survival (33.15 vs. 40.50 months, p = 0.013). Further, patients with a higher percent of CD34⁺ CD61⁺ MKs (≧20.00%) had lower platelet counts (36.00 × 10⁹/L vs. 88.50 × 10⁹/L, p = 0.015) and more profound emperipolesis (p  = 0.001). By analyzing RNA-sequencing of MKs, differentially expressed mRNA was involved in physiological processes including platelet function and platelet activation, especially for MDS patients with high percent of CD34⁺CD61⁺MKs. The high levels of expression of CD62P, CXCL10, and S100A9 mRNA, shown by RNA sequencing, were validated by PCR assay.
Conclusion High proportion of CD34⁺ CD61⁺ MKs was a poor prognostic factor in MDS patients with MK mutation. CD62P, CXCL10, and S100A9 may be the potential targets to evaluate the molecular link between gene defects and platelet function.

Background NFE2L2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2) encodes a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor and exhibits variations in various tumor types, including lung cancer. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the impact of simultaneous mutations on the survival of NFE2L2-mutant lung cancer patients within specific subgroups.
Methods A cohort of 1,103 lung cancer patients was analyzed using hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing.
Results The NFE2L2 gene had alterations in 3.0% (33/1,103) of lung cancer samples, including 1.5% (15/992) in adenocarcinoma and 16.2% (18/111) in squamous cell carcinoma. Thirty-four variations were found, mainly in exons 2 (27/34). New variations in exon 2 (p.D21H, p.V36_E45del, p.F37_E45del, p.R42P, p.E67Q, and p.L76_E78delinsQ) were identified. Some patients had copy number amplifications. Co-occurrence with TP53 (84.8%), CDKN2A (33.3%), KMT2B (33.3%), LRP1B (33.3%), and PIK3CA (27.3%) mutations was common. Variations of NFE2L2 displayed the tightest co-occurrence with IRF2, TERC, ATR, ZMAT3, and SOX2 (p < 0.001). In The Cancer Genome Atlas Pulmonary Squamous Carcinoma project, patients with NFE2L2 variations and 3q26 amplification had longer median survival (63.59 vs. 32.04 months, p = 0.0459) and better overall survival.
Conclusions NFE2L2 mutations display notable heterogeneity in lung cancer. The coexistence of NFE2L2 mutations and 3q26 amplification warrants in-depth exploration of their potential clinical implications and treatment approaches for affected patients.

Purpose To analyze the factors affecting the mobilization efficiency of hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic reconstruction indicators during autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Methods The clinical data of 54 patients who underwent autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and transplantation at Xuzhou Central Hospital from May 2016 to April 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The gender, age, disease type, mobilization regimen, number of chemotherapy sessions, G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) dosage, and platelet number at the time of collection were also collected. Moreover, the relationship between these indicators with mobilization results and hematopoietic reconstruction was analyzed.
Results Results showed that age, disease type, and number of collections were significantly related to the mobilization results (number of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that the number of collections was an independent factor affecting mobilization efficiency. Similarly, age, platelet value at the time of collection, CD34+ stem cell value during collection, white blood cell count, and number of chemotherapy times were significantly related to the time of megakaryocytic hematopoietic reconstruction. Multifactor analysis found that age and platelet count were independent factors affecting the reconstruction time of the megakaryocytic system. However, no factor was related to the time of granulocyte hematopoietic reconstruction.
Conclusion Platelet count and age when collecting hematopoietic stem cells are closely related to megakaryocytic hematopoietic reconstruction and are key indicators of early hematopoietic reconstruction after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Objectives This study aimed to identify the association between lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and 30-day mortality in patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) with acute leukemia during the induction phase.
Methods This cohort study included patients with acute leukemia with ICH during induction. We evaluated serum LDH levels upon admission. Multivariable Cox regression analyzed the LDH 30-day mortality association. Interaction and stratified analyses based on factors like age, sex, albumin, white blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and platelet count were conducted.
Results We selected 91 patients diagnosed with acute leukemia and ICH. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 61.5%, with 56 of the 91 patients succumbing. Among those with LDH levels ≥ 570 U/L, the mortality rate was 74.4% (32 out of 43), which was higher than the 50% mortality rate of the LDH < 570 U/L group (24 out of 48) (p = 0.017). In our multivariate regression models, the hazard ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals for Log2 and twice the upper limit of normal LDH were 1.27 (1.01, 1.58) and 2.2 (1.05, 4.58), respectively. Interaction analysis revealed no significant interactive effect on the relationship between LDH levels and 30-day mortality.
Conclusions Serum LDH level was associated with 30-day mortality, especially in patients with LDH ≥ 570 U/L.