The Role of Visfatin (Adipocytokine) Biomarker in Oral Health and Diseases among Nonobese Indian Population: A Proteomic Assay

Abstract

Visfatin is an adipocytokine and a potential biomarker encoded by the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase gene. It belongs to the nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase family and involved in various metabolic processes and aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of visfatin biomarker in oral diseases like periodontitis. A total of 60 patients (20-50 years) were included in this study, and they were divided into three groups. Group I consisted of 20 subjects with healthy periodontium, group II consisted of 20 subjects with generalized moderate gingivitis, and group III consisted of 20 subjects with generalized periodontitis. The clinical periodontal parameters, including plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels, were recorded, and saliva samples were collected. Salivary visfatin concentrations were assessed using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of the study showed that the visfatin concentrations were higher in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis compared with those of healthy individuals. Visfatin was found highest in group III (38.22 ± 3.38 ng/mL) followed by group II (26.66 ± 2.24 ng/mL) and the group I (25.60 ± 2.19 ng/mL). Thus, salivary visfatin is a potential inflammatory biomarker and acts as a mediator in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and, might serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in oral diseases like periodontitis.

Keywords

visfatin / biomarker / gingivitis / periodontitis / saliva / diagnostic marker

References

[1] Beck JD.Risk revisited. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26(04):220-225

[2] Taba M Jr, Kinney J, Kim AS, Giannobile WV. Diagnostic biomarkers for oral and periodontal diseases. Dent Clin North Am 2005;49(03):551-571, vi

[3] Luk T, Malam Z, Marshall JC.Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF)/visfatin: a novel mediator of innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2008;83(04):804-816

[4] Blakemore AI, Meyre D, Delplanque J, et al.A rare variant in the visfatin gene (NAMPT/PBEF1) is associated with protection from obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17(08):1549-1553

[5] Moschen AR, Gerner RR, Tilg H.Pre-B cell colony enhancing factor/NAMPT/visfatin in inflammation and obesity-related disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2010;16(17):1913-1920

[6] 6 Skoczylas A. [The role of visfatin in the pathophysiology of human]. Wiad Lek 2009;62(03):190-196

[7] de Fougerolles AR, Chi-Rosso G, Bajardi A, Gotwals P, Green CD, Koteliansky VE. Global expression analysis of extracellular matrixintegrininteractions inmonocytes. Immunity 2000;13(06):749-758

[8] Liu SW, Qiao SB, Yuan JS, Liu DQ.Association of plasma visfatin levels with inflammation, atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in humans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;71(02):202-207

[9] Shaffer AL, Rosenwald A, Hurt EM, et al.Signatures of the immune response. Immunity 2001;15(03):375-385

[10] Nowell MA, Richards PJ, Fielding CA, et al. Regulation of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor by STAT-3-dependent interleukin-6 trans-signaling: implications in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(07):2084-2095

[11] Jia SH, Li Y, Parodo J, et al.Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor inhibits neutrophil apoptosis in experimental inflammation and clinical sepsis. J Clin Invest 2004;113(09):1318-1327

[12] Ye SQ, Simon BA, Maloney JP, et al.Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor as a potential novel biomarker in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171(04):361-370

[13] Moschen AR, Kaser A, Enrich B, et al.Visfatin, an adipocytokine with proinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. J Immunol 2007;178(03):1748-1758

[14] Revollo JR, Körner A, Mills KF, et al.Nampt/PBEF/Visfatin regulates insulin secretion in β cells as a systemic NAD biosynthetic enzyme. Cell Metab 2007;6(05):363-375

[15] Araki T, Sasaki Y, Milbrandt J.Increased nuclear NAD biosynthesis and SIRT1 activation prevent axonal degeneration. Science 2004; 305(5686):1010-1013

[16] Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Janowska J, et al.Serum concentration of visfatin in obese women. Metabolism 2007;56(08):1131-1134

[17] Angulo P, Bugianesi E, Bjornsson ES, et al. Simple noninvasive systems predict long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2013;145(04):782-9.e4

[18] Berndt J, Klöting N, Kralisch S, et al.Plasmavisfatin concentrations and fat depot-specific mRNA expression in humans. Diabetes 2005;54(10):2911-2916

[19] Rongvaux A, Shea RJ, Mulks MH, et al.Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, whose expression is up-regulated in activated lymphocytes, is a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, a cytosolic enzyme involved in NAD biosynthesis. Eur J Immunol 2002;32(11):3225-3234

[20] Chen MP, Chung FM, Chang DM, et al.Elevated plasma level of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(01):295-299

[21] Haider DG, Holzer G, Schaller G, et al.The adipokine visfatin is markedly elevated in obese children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;43(04):548-549

[22] Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, et al.A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes fromthe 1999 classification. J Clin Periodontol 2018;45(20, Suppl 20):S1-S8

[23] Loe H, Silness J.Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 1963;21:533-551

[24] Silness J, Loe H.Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 1964;22:121-135

[25] Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA.Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology: A South Asia Edition. 11th edition New Delhi: Elsevier; 2012:487

[26] Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PRCarranza FA Caranza’s Clinical Periodontology. A South Asia Edition. 11th edition New Delhi: Elsevier; 2012:491

[27] WHO Expert Consultation.Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004;363(9403):157-163

[28] Navazesh M.Methods for collecting saliva. Ann N YAcad Sci 1993; 694:72-77

[29] Sommer G, Garten A, Petzold S, et al.Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt: structure, regulation and potential function of a novel adipokine. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008;115(01):13-23

[30] Pradeep AR, Raghavendra NM, Prasad MV, Kathariya R, Patel SP, Sharma A.Gingival crevicular fluid and serum visfatin concentration: their relationship in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol 2011;82(09):1314-1319

[31] Türer ÇC, Balli U, Güven B, Çetinkaya BÖ, Keleş GÇ. Visfatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and serum before and after non-surgical treatment for periodontal diseases. J Oral Sci 2016;58(04):491-499

[32] Tabari ZA, Ghaedi FB, Azadmehr A, et al. Salivary Visfatin concentration in response to non-surgical periodontal therapy. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9(04):ZC05-ZC08

[33] Nokhbehsaim M, Eick S, Nogueira AV, et al.Stimulation ofMMP-1 and CCL2 by NAMPT in PDL cells. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:437123

[34] Özcan E, Saygun NI, Serdar MA, Kubar A, Bengi VU.Porphyromonas gingivalis and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with increased levels of visfatin in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontol 2016;87(04):443-451

[35] Jian WX, Luo TH, Gu YY, et al.The visfatin gene is associated with glucose and lipidmetabolismin a Chinese population. Diabet Med 2006;23(09):967-973

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2021 Global Medical Genetics