Enhanced prediction of heating value of municipal solid waste using hybrid neuro-fuzzy model and decision tree-based feature importance assessment

Abstract

This study proposes a hybrid network of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with genetic algorithm (GA) to predict the higher heating value (HHV) of municipal solid waste (MSW). To enhance the robustness and accuracy of the model and optimize its ability to capture the complex non-linear relationship in the MSW dataset, eight membership functions (MF)-type of the grid partitioning (GP) clustering approach were tested. Moreover, understanding the relative importance and contribution of different waste properties to HHV prediction is critical for improving the model's predictive capability and optimizing the waste-to-energy (WTE) process. To this end, the feature importance analysis of MSW input variables was carried out using the decision tree regressor with the Gini importance (GI) metrics to identify the most influential variable. Key waste properties, including ultimate analysis data, ash and moisture content were used as input variables for the model. The result shows that the GP-clustered GA-ANFIS model based on triangular-shaped MF-type (tri-MF) has the most accurate HHV predictions with Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) values of 0.7642, 13.677, 1.5913 and 0.9821 at the training and 0.6364, 16.216, 1.2437 and 0.7821 at the testing stage. Feature importance assessment revealed ash content as the most important predictor of HHV based on GI-value of 0.519668 (about 50% cumulative importance). Additionally, sulphur and nitrogen, along with ash content, dominated the HHV prediction and exhibited the highest predictive power on HHV with about 80% cumulative importance. The robust integrated approach of hybrid neuro-fuzzy model, with decision tree-based feature importance assessment, offers an effective approach for enhancing the prediction of HHV of MSW. The outcome of the study enhances WTE systems, facilitating more efficient and sustainable energy recovery from MSW.

Keywords

Higher heating value / Municipal solid waste / Feature importance / Genetic algorithm / ANFIS / Decision tree

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Oluwatobi Adeleke: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Validation, Project administration, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Obafemi O. Olatunji: Visualization, Validation, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Tien-Chien Jen: Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Iretioluwa Olawuyi: Writing - original draft, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2025.100119.