This paper proposes anintegrated coupling process of alkali leaching, HBTA-TOPO synergisticextraction, and carbonation for the resource utilization of spent carbon anode(SCA), a typical lithium-bearing industrial solid waste from electrolyticaluminum production, whose lithium content exceeds the ore grade. Compared withconventional acid leaching methods, the adopted alkaline leaching approachfeatures mild reaction conditions, low equipment corrosion risk, and eliminatesthe volatilization of toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas, thus showing prominentenvironmental safety advantages. Under the optimal alkaline leaching conditions(NaOH concentration of 10 mol/L, reaction temperature of 90 _。C, liquid-to-solidratio of 10:1, and reaction time of 120 min), the maximum Li⁺ leaching rate reaches 89.46%. As the leaching process proceeds, lithium in thecarbon slag rapidly migrates to the alkaline leaching solution. The Na-Al-Fbonds of cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) and lithium cryolite (Na₂LiAlF₆)present in the SCA gradually break, and soluble ions such as Na⁺, Li⁺,Al³⁺, and F^- enter the solution. High-concentration Na⁺ reacts with free F^- to form sodium fluoride (NaF), which adheres tothe SCA, leading to an increase in the sodium-aluminum ratio (Na/Al) of the SCA.The HBTA-TOPO synergistic extraction system is proposed for the extraction andenrichment of lithium in the lithium alkaline leaching solution, and theextraction residue is used to repair and regenerate cryolite. The extractionefficiency of Li⁺ reaches and the yield of cryolite reaches 81.54%and 76.54%. The molecular ratio of sodium fluoride to aluminum fluoride insynthetic cryolite products is relatively high. This integrated processrealizes the efficient recovery of lithium and the high-value regeneration ofcryolite from SCA, providing a sustainable technical route for the cleanutilization of electrolytic aluminum solid waste. This integrated closed-loopprocess realizes the simultaneous recovery of lithium and high-valueregeneration of cryolite from SCA, which not only mitigates the environmentalpollution caused by SCA stacking and the scarcity of lithium resources, but alsoprovides a sustainable technical route for the clean and high-value utilizationof electrolytic aluminum solid waste.

Inrecent years, visible-light-induced transformations have taken a central role indriving forward the progress of modern organic synthesis. Despite the abundanceof synthetic strategies enabling access to aryl- and alkyl-centered radicals,the exploitation of photochemistry to generate highly reactive alkenyl radicalshas remained notably underdeveloped. Herein, we report a sustainable strategyfor generating alkenyl radicals based on a photocatalytic single-electrontransfer process. Through systematic optimization of conditions such asphotocatalysts, light sources, and additives, we confirmed that radicalreactions can efficiently occur under metal-free conditions usingstyrenylthiophene salt as radical donors, thiuram derivatives as radicalacceptors, and 4CzIPN (1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene) as the photocatalyst. This method is operationallysimple, environmentally friendly, and does not require the addition of preciousmetal reagents, providing a novel strategy for the methodology of alkenylradical generation.

Solvents dominate massinput, energy demand, and environmental impact in pharmaceutical manufacturing,yet solvent selection and recovery are often evaluated using fragmented ornon-comparable metrics. Here, we present a solvent-centric sustainability frameworkthat integrates mass-based indicators with life-cycle and energy metrics toenable transparent comparison of conventional and redesigned solvent systems.The framework harmonizes Process Mass Intensity (PMI), circular PMI (cPMI),Global Warming Potential (GWP), and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) withinconsistent cradle-to-gate system boundaries, supported by literature-deriveddata, machine-learning (ML) models, and digital-twin-based sustainabilityassessment tools. The methodology is demonstrated using Sertraline as arepresentative solvent-intensive active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Asimplified, literature-based synthesis route contextualizes solvent use acrosskey reaction and isolation steps. Targeted solvent substitutions-mostnotably replacement of tetrahydrofuran, chlorinated solvents, and dipolaraprotic media with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and ethanol-based systems-areevaluated alongside enhanced solvent recovery and catalytic hydrogenation.Relative to the solvent-dominant subsequence of the synthesis (PMI ≈ 78kg·kg^-1 API), for which detailed solvent mass-balance data areavailable, the redesigned solvent strategy reduces PMI to approximately 45 kg·kg^-1 API, achieves a cPMI of 6-10 at >80% solvent recovery, and consistentlydecreases GWP and CED. By explicitly mapping solvent redesign outcomes to the12 Principles of Green Chemistry, this study demonstrates how solvent-focusedinterventions, supported by predictive digital tools with excellent agreementbetween modelled and empirical trends, can deliver substantial sustainabilityimprovements without modifying the underlying synthetic route or relying onproprietary process data. While not intended as an industrial benchmark, the Sertralinecase study illustrates how harmonized metrics, life-cycle thinking, andAI-enabled digital assessment can support evidence-based solvent selection andsustainability-oriented process development in API manufacturing.

To address theenvironmental challenges posed by massive phosphogypsum (PG) stockpiles and groundwaterfluoride contamination, this study developed an eco-friendly strategy forsynthesizing lanthanum-doped hydroxyapatite (La-PGHAP) from PG waste via anacid precipitation-hydrothermal method. The synthesized La-PGHAP exhibited aspherical morphology, high crystallinity, and a significantly enhanced specificsurface area of 53.11 m²/g. Batch adsorption experiments revealedthat pH critically influenced fluoride (F^-)removal, with maximum adsorption capacities of 8.20 mg/g (PGHAP) and 31.98 mg/g(La-PGHAP) at pH 4. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-orderkinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating chemisorption-dominatedmonolayer adsorption. La doping introduced Lewis acid-base interactions throughLa³⁺-F^- coordination, improving both adsorption capacityand stability across a wide pH range (2-10). Reusability tests demonstratedthat La-PGHAP retained 85.4% of its initial capacity after 4 cycles. This "waste-to-waste"approach not only repurposes PG into a high-efficiency adsorbent but alsoprovides a sustainable solution for mitigating fluoride pollution, showcasingsignificant potential for industrial-scale water treatment applications.

To realize high-value synergisticutilization of the three major solid wastes from thermal power generation (flyash-FA, coal-fired slag-CS, desulfurizationgypsum-DG), a Box-Behnken response surface model was established with CS, DG,and cement as factors and FA as the matrix. Unlike existing research focusingon single or binary solid waste composites, this study systematically optimizedthe synergistic blending ratios of the three wastes without additionalactivation. The 7d/28d strength models showed significant statistical validity(R² = 0.9918/0.9979, p < 0.001). The optimal mixratio (CS 21.38%, DG 10.96%, cement 16.15%, FA 51.51%) achieved 7d strength of13.60 MPa and 28d strength of 19.07 MPa, with a model deviation rate below 2%.The statistical model results are deeply correlated with the mechanisms ofhydration and microstructural evolution: cement and DG drive early-stagehydration reactions to form rapid-strength products, while CS continuouslygenerates hydration gel through slow pozzolanic reactions to develop late-stagestrength. XRD/SEM analysis confirmed significant formation ofcalcium-aluminum-silicate hydrate (C-(A)-S-H), calcium hydroxide (CH), and ettringite (AFt), verifying full activationof pozzolanic substances in FA and CS. This study innovatively overcomesbottlenecks in the simultaneous high-value utilization of three thermal wastes,providing a scientific pathway for optimizing cementitious materials frommulti-source solid wastes.

Therational design of cost-effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolutionreaction (OER) is pivotal for advancinggreen hydrogen production. This study presents a substrate-engineered Br-dopednickel-cobalt phosphide (NiCoP) electrocatalyst fabricated through a stepwisesynthesis protocol. A porous and roughened nickel foam (NF)is initially constructed to provide a 3D conductive scaffold, followed by the hydrothermalgrowth of vertically aligned NiCo-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets.Subsequent controlled pyrolysis in the presence of a bromine source yieldsBr-doped NiCoP nanoarrays securely anchoredon the NF/Nisubstrate. Comprehensive structuralcharacterization confirms the successful Br incorporation, which induceslattice distortion and optimizes the electronic configuration of NiCoP, whilethe interconnected porous architecture enhances electrolyte infiltration andgas release. Electrochemical evaluations reveal exceptional OER performance,achieving an ultralow overpotential of 220 mVat 10 mA·cm^-2 and a Tafel slope of 61.2 mV·dec^-1 in 1 M KOH, surpassing most reported NiCo-basedphosphides. In-situ Raman spectroscopy and post-OER characterizationuncover dynamic surface reconstruction into Br-enriched (oxy)hydroxide activespecies, elucidating the dual role of Br as both an electronic modulator and astabilizer for reactive intermediates. This work demonstrates asubstrate-guided heteroatom doping strategy to engineer high-performancebimetallic phosphide electrocatalysts, offering insights into interfaceengineering for sustainable energy technologies.

Copper is a common heavymetal contamination source for water bodies, and achieving sustainable andcost-effective removal of Cu²⁺ from Cu-containing wastewater remainsa challenge. In this study, an economical and eco-friendly adsorbent-hydroxyapatite (HA) porous microspheres-was synthesized via a simple one-step hydrothermal method. Adsorption experiments demonstratedthat the maximum adsorption capacity of HA porous microspheres for Cu²⁺ is 116 mg/g, approximately 3.74 times that of reported HA nanosheet adsorbents.The adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and theSips isotherm model. Thecorrelation coefficient R² = 0.9997. Linear fitting of the amounts of Cu²⁺ removed and Ca²⁺ leached at the same time revealed an R² value as high as0.997, indicating that ion exchange is the dominant adsorption mechanism.Therefore, the excellent adsorption performance is attributed to the highspecific surface area (207 m²/g) and mesoporous structure ofthe spherical HA adsorbent, which provides abundant active sites and promotesefficient ion diffusion. These structural advantagessignificantly enhanced the two primary adsorption mechanisms: ion exchange andsurface complexation. Furthermore, the effects of adsorbent dosage, solutionpH, reaction time, initial Cu²⁺ concentration, and temperature onadsorption performance were systematically investigated. Finally, the adsorption mechanism wasinvestigated by characterizing the adsorbed material using XRD, FTIR, and XPS.It was determined that ion exchange, complexation, and electrostatic attraction are the main adsorptionmechanisms.This study enhances the adsorptioncapacity of HA materials for Cu²⁺ by controlling morphology,offering new perspectives for developing high-performance, economical,eco-friendly, and sustainable adsorbents.

Opticalfiber sensing technology offers high sensitivity, electromagnetic immunity, anddistributed sensing capabilities, with broad applications in environmental,biomedical, and industrial monitoring. However, its reliance onheavy-metal-doped glasses, rare-earth elements, and non-biodegradable polymersimposes significant environmental burdens across their lifecycle. This reviewestablishes a systematic framework based on the Twelve Principles of GreenChemistry to assess and redesign optical fiber sensing materials, includingsilica, soft glass, and polymer matrices, as well as functional coatings,fluorescent probes, and plasmonic nanostructures. It highlights greenalternatives such as sol-gel synthesis, bio-based polymers, carbon quantumdots, and biosynthesized nanoparticles. A multi-dimensional sustainabilityassessment, covering performance, environmental impact, economics, and socialfactors, identifies key challenges such as performance-environment trade-offsand scaling-up costs. Future pathways integrating AI-assisted design, additivemanufacturing, modular systems, and policy support are proposed. The studyargues that green attributes and high performance are synergistic, positioninggreen optical fiber sensing as essential for achieving circular economy goalsand UN Sustainable Development Goals.