PorousCarbon-Based Adsorbents for CO₂ Sequestration from Flue Gases:Tuning Porosity, Surface Chemistry, and Metal Impregnation for SustainableCapture

Abstract

Escalatingatmospheric CO₂ levels and the consequent climate crisis have becomeurgent imperatives for advancing efficient carbon capture technologies. Porouscarbon adsorbents stand out as a leading candidate in this field, owing totheir inherently high specific surface areas, tailorable pore architectures,and cost advantages over conventional solid adsorbents. This review focuses onrecent progress in the rational engineering of porous carbons for boosted CO₂ capture performance, with a particular emphasis on three complementarymodification pathways: pore structure refinement, surface functional groupregulation, and metal oxide incorporation. We begin by clarifying the distinctmechanisms of CO₂ physisorption and chemisorption on carbonaceoussurfaces, while also elucidating how key operating parameters (temperature,pressure) and real-world flue gas components (e.g., water vapor, SO₂)modulate adsorption behavior. Critical evaluation is then given to strategiesfor enhancing three core performance metrics—CO₂ uptake capacity,selectivity over N₂, and cyclic stability—including the constructionof sub-nanometer micropores (<0.8 nm) for efficient low-pressure CO₂ capture, the introduction of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing moieties tostrengthen dipole-quadrupole interactions with CO₂ molecules, andthe loading of alkaline metal oxides (e.g., MgO, CaO) to enable reversiblechemisorption, which is especially beneficial under humid conditions. Finally,we outline the key challenges that hinder the practical application of porouscarbon adsorbents, such as the design of hierarchical pores for both highuptake and fast mass transfer, the precise control of heteroatom doping sitesand concentrations, and the mitigation of competitive adsorption in complexmulticomponent flue gases. Corresponding future research priorities are alsoproposed, with a focus on scalable and sustainable synthesis routes usingbiomass or waste precursors. Ultimately, this review seeks to provide targetedinsights for the rational design of high-performance porous carbon adsorbents,thereby accelerating their deployment in sustainable CO₂ capturesystems.

Keywords

CO₂ capture / Porous carbon adsorbents / Porositytuning / Surface modification / Metal impregnation / Sustainable technology

Statement of the Use of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Writing Process

During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used Deepseek in order to enhance linguistic quality. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.

Acknowledgments

We express our thanks for funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52063016, No. 52372048, No. 52202336), the Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education (No. Advmat-2421), and the Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology (No. CX2024037).

Author Contributions

Writing—review & editing, Funding, J.W.; Resources, G.Y.; Validation, Investigation, Formal analysis, Funding, L.W.; Investigation, Formal analysis, Funding, B.Z.; Formal analysis, Z.W.; Supervision, Project administration, Z.H.; Investigation, Formal analysis, G.L.; Writing—review & editing, Project administration, Conceptualization, M.W.

Ethics Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Relevant information and dates can be made available upon request.

Funding

The work was financially supported by the Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52063016, No. 52372048, No. 52202336), the Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education (No. Advmat-2421), and the Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology (No. CX2025146).

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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