The gut microbiome plays a central role in maintaining host health, influencing immunity, metabolism, epithelial integrity, and the gut–brain axis. Dysbiosis of this complex microbial ecosystem is implicated in a variety of chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological disorders. Nutraceuticals such as prebiotics, polyphenols, probiotics, postbiotics, bioactive peptides, and micronutrients—hold promise for restoring microbial homeostasis and supporting gut health. However, their clinical utility is limited by poor stability, premature degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and variability in microbiome composition. Recent advances in microbiome-responsive delivery systems have addressed these challenges by engineering smart platforms that synchronize bioactive release with the unique biochemical signals of the gut, including pH gradients, microbial enzymes, redox cues, and fermentation-driven changes. These innovative systems, incorporating pH-sensitive hydrogels, enzyme- and redox-responsive nanogels, hybrid polymer carriers, synbiotic co-encapsulation, functional food matrices, and edible coatings, enhance nutraceutical stability, bioavailability, and site-specific action. Preclinical and emerging clinical evidence demonstrates their potential to modulate the microbiome, attenuate inflammation, and promote mucosal healing. Despite encouraging progress, translational hurdles—such as limited human trials, regulatory uncertainties, and interindividual variability—must still be overcome. This review comprehensively explores the design principles, mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives of microbiome-responsive nutraceutical interfaces, highlighting their transformative potential in advancing personalized gut health interventions.
| [1] |
Abed, H. F., W. H. Abuwatfa, and G. A. Husseini. 2022. “Redox-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: A Chemical Perspective.” Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 12, no. 18: 3183.
|
| [2] |
Acevedo-Román, A., N. Pagán-Zayas, L. I. Velázquez-Rivera, A. C. Torres-Ventura, and F. Godoy-Vitorino. 2024. “Insights Into Gut Dysbiosis: Inflammatory Diseases, Obesity, and Restoration Approaches.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9715.
|
| [3] |
Adrah, K., D. Ananey-Obiri, and R. Tahergorabi. 2021. “Sweet Potato Starch and a Protein-Based Edible Coating Minimize the Fat-Uptake in Deep-Fat Fried Chicken.” CyTA - Journal of Food 19, no. 1: 440–447.
|
| [4] |
Aguilera, J. M. 2025. “Food Matrices as Delivery Units of Nutrients in Processed Foods.” Journal of Food Science 90, no. 2: e70049.
|
| [5] |
Ali, M. A., H. L. Razafindralambo, G. Conti, and J. De Coninck. 2020. “Bulk and Surface Wettability Characteristics of Probiotic Powders in Their Compressed Disc and Packed-Bed Column Forms.” ACS Omega 5, no. 35: 22348–22355.
|
| [6] |
Ali, S., M. Hamayun, M. Siraj, S. A. Khan, H.-Y. Kim, and B. Lee. 2025. “Recent Advances in Prebiotics: Classification, Mechanisms, and Health Applications.” Future Foods 12: 100680.
|
| [7] |
Apriliyani, M. W., A. Manab, P. Puspitawati Rahayu, M. Jannah, P. N. Hidayah, and F. F. Firdiatila. 2021. “Effect of Casein-Chitosan Edible Coating on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Broiler Meat at Storage 8°C.” Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering 4, no. 1: 8–17.
|
| [8] |
Arcot, Y., M. Mu, Y.-T. Lin, et al. 2024. “Edible Nano-Encapsulated Cinnamon Essential Oil Hybrid Wax Coatings for Enhancing Apple Safety Against Food Borne Pathogens.” Current Research in Food Science 8: 100667.
|
| [9] |
Atuahene, D., K. Mahama, B. A. Sam, et al. 2025. “Dietary Targeting of Cancer Pathways: Role of Bioactive Compounds and Nutraceuticals.” Food and Humanity 5: 100748.
|
| [10] |
Awolade, P., N. Cele, N. Kerru, L. Gummidi, E. Oluwakemi, and P. Singh. 2020. “Therapeutic Significance of β-glucuronidase Activity and Its Inhibitors: A Review.” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 187: 111921.
|
| [11] |
Boaru, D. L., O. Fraile-Martinez, D. De Leon-Oliva, et al. 2024. “Harnessing the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Polyphenols in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.” International Journal of Biological Sciences 20, no. 14: 5608–5672.
|
| [12] |
Chen, C., Z. Nie, C. Wan, and J. Chen. 2019. “Preservation of Xinyu Tangerines With an Edible Coating Using Ficus Hirta Vahl. Fruits Extract-Incorporated Chitosan.” Biomolecules 9, no. 2: 46.
|
| [13] |
Chen, J., C. Yin, Y. Zhang, et al. 2025. “EGCG Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting Ferroptosis Through the Activation of the Nrf2-GPX4 Pathway and Enhancing Iron Metabolism.” Nutrients 17, no. 3: 547.
|
| [14] |
Chen, T., W. Meng, Y. Li, et al. 2024. “Probiotics Armed With In Situ Mineralized Nanocatalysts and Targeted Biocoatings for Multipronged Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.” Nano Letters 24, no. 24: 7321–7331.
|
| [15] |
Cheng, F.-S., D. Pan, B. Chang, M. Jiang, and L.-X. Sang. 2020. “Probiotic Mixture VSL#3: An Overview of Basic and Clinical Studies in Chronic Diseases.” World Journal of Clinical Cases 8, no. 8: 1361–1384.
|
| [16] |
Colombo, R., L. Ferron, I. Frosi, and A. Papetti. 2021. “Advances in Static In Vitro Digestion Models After the COST Action Infogest Consensus Protocol.” Food & Function 12, no. 17: 7619–7636.
|
| [17] |
Crothers, J., Z. Kassam, M. Smith, et al. 2018. “Tu1893 - A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Control Pilot Trial of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Capsules From Rationally Selected Donors in Active Ulcerative Colitis.” Gastroenterology 154, no. 6: S-1050-S-1051.
|
| [18] |
D'Amico, V., M. Cavaliere, M. Ivone, et al. 2025. “Microencapsulation of Probiotics for Enhanced Stability and Health Benefits in Dairy Functional Foods: A Focus on Pasta Filata Cheese.” Pharmaceutics 17, no. 2: 185.
|
| [19] |
Das, S., and K.-Y. Ng. 2010. “Resveratrol-Loaded Calcium-Pectinate Beads: Effects of Formulation Parameters on Drug Release and Bead Characteristics.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 99, no. 2: 840–860.
|
| [20] |
Enache, I. M., A. M. Vasile, E. Enachi, V. Barbu, N. Stănciuc, and C. Vizireanu. 2020. “Co-Microencapsulation of Anthocyanins From Cornelian Cherry Fruits and Lactic Acid Bacteria in Biopolymeric Matrices by Freeze-Drying: Evidences on Functional Properties and Applications in Food.” Polymers 12, no. 4: 906.
|
| [21] |
Ezhilarasan, D., and K. Langeswaran. 2024. “Hepatocellular Interactions of Potential Nutraceuticals in the Management of Inflammatory Nafld.” Cell Biochemistry and Function 42, no. 7: e4112.
|
| [22] |
Fan, X., Z. Zhang, W. Gao, et al. 2024. “An Engineered Butyrate-Derived Polymer Nanoplatform as a Mucosa-Healing Enhancer Potentiates the Therapeutic Effect of Magnolol in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.” ACS Nano 18, no. 1: 229–244.
|
| [23] |
Gao, C., S. Yu, X. Zhang, et al. 2021. “Dual Functional Eudragit® S100/L30D-55 and PLGA Colon-Targeted Nanoparticles of Iridoid Glycoside for Improved Treatment of Induced Ulcerative Colitis.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 16: 1405–1422.
|
| [24] |
Gao, S., R. Sun, R. Singh, et al. 2022. “The Role of Gut Microbial β-glucuronidase in Drug Disposition and Development.” Drug Discovery Today 27, no. 10: 103316.
|
| [25] |
Garfias Noguez, C., M. Ramírez Damián, A. Ortiz Moreno, et al. 2025. “Microencapsulation and Probiotic Characterization of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum LM-20: Therapeutic Application in a Murine Model of Ulcerative Colitis.” Nutrients 17, no. 5: 749. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050749.
|
| [26] |
Ghosh, S., and A. Basak. 2025. “Gellan Gum-Based Microbeads for Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery: A Promising Polysaccharide for Controlled and Site-Specific Release.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 310, no. Pt 2: 143276.
|
| [27] |
Ghyselinck, J., L. Verstrepen, F. Moens, et al. 2020. “A 4-strain Probiotic Supplement Influences Gut Microbiota Composition and Gut Wall Function in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis.” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 587: 119648.
|
| [28] |
Gong, Y., Z. Liu, P. Zhou, J. Li, and Y.-B. Miao. 2023. “Biomimetic Nanocarriers Harnessing Microbial Metabolites Usher the Path for Brain Disease Therapy.” Nano TransMed 2, no. 4: 100020.
|
| [29] |
Gu, Q., Y. Yin, X. Yan, X. Liu, F. Liu, and D. J. McClements. 2022. “Encapsulation of Multiple Probiotics, Synbiotics, or Nutrabiotics for Improved Health Effects: A Review.” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 309: 102781.
|
| [30] |
Gurunathan, S., P. Thangaraj, and J.-H. Kim. 2023. “Postbiotics: Functional Food Materials and Therapeutic Agents for Cancer, Diabetes, and Inflammatory Diseases.” Foods 13, no. 1: 89.
|
| [31] |
Hamadou, M. 2025. “Bioactive Peptides and Metabolic Health: A Mechanistic Review of the Impact on Insulin Sensitivity, Lipid Profiles, and Inflammation.” Applied Food Research 5, no. 2: 101056.
|
| [32] |
Hari, K. D., C. V. Garcia, G.-H. Shin, and J.-T. Kim. 2021. “Improvement of the UV Barrier and Antibacterial Properties of Crosslinked Pectin/Zinc Oxide Bionanocomposite Films.” Polymers 13, no. 15: 2403.
|
| [33] |
Hassan, A. H. A., and C. N. Cutter. 2020. “Development and Evaluation of Pullulan-Based Composite Antimicrobial Films (CAF) Incorporated With Nisin, Thymol and Lauric Arginate to Reduce Foodborne Pathogens Associated With Muscle Foods.” International Journal of Food Microbiology 320: 108519.
|
| [34] |
Hernández-Flores, T. J., E. J. Pedraza-Brindis, J. Cárdenas-Bedoya, et al. 2022. “Role of Micronutrients and Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in COVID-19 Recovery.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20: 12324.
|
| [35] |
Hrncir, T. 2022. “Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Triggers, Consequences, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options.” Microorganisms 10, no. 3: 578.
|
| [36] |
Hsu, P.-H., and A. Almutairi. 2021. “Recent Progress of Redox-Responsive Polymeric Nanomaterials for Controlled Release.” Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 9: 2179–2188.
|
| [37] |
Hu, Q., J. Li, T. Wang, X. Xu, Y. Duan, and Y. Jin. 2024. “Polyphenolic Nanoparticle-Modified Probiotics for Microenvironment Remodeling and Targeted Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.” ACS Nano 18, no. 20: 12917–12932.
|
| [38] |
Hu, Y., S. Zhu, X. Ye, et al. 2024. “Oral Delivery of Sodium Alginate/Chitosan Bilayer Microgels Loaded With Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG for Targeted Therapy of Ulcerative Colitis.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 278, no. Pt 3: 134785.
|
| [39] |
Ibrahim, D., S. I. Khater, H. S. Sherkawy, et al. 2025. “Protective Role of Nano-Encapsulated Bifidobacterium Breve, Bacilllus Coagulans, and Lactobacillus Plantarum in Colitis Model: Insights Toward Propagation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Reduction of Exaggerated Inflammatory and Oxidative Response.” Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10472-y.
|
| [40] |
Iqbal, I., P. Wilairatana, F. Saqib, et al. 2023. “Plant Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits on Cardiovascular Health: A Review.” Molecules 28, no. 17: 6403. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176403.
|
| [41] |
Iqbal, S. Z., M. Hussain, H. Ali, et al. 2024. “Preparation and Application of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Blended With Beeswax and Essential Oil Edible Coating to Enhance the Shelf Life of Sweet Cherries.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 272, no. Pt 1: 132532.
|
| [42] |
Ji, J., W. Jin, S.-J. Liu, Z. Jiao, and X. Li. 2023. “Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics in Health and Disease.” MedComm 4, no. 6: e420. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.420.
|
| [43] |
Karakas, C. Y., H. R. Ordu, F. Bozkurt, and A. Karadag. 2022. “Electrosprayed Chitosan-Coated Alginate-Pectin Beads as Potential System for Colon-Targeted Delivery of Ellagic Acid.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 102, no. 3: 965–975.
|
| [44] |
Karimi, Z., S. Taymouri, M. Minaiyan, and M. Mirian. 2022. “Evaluation of Thermosensitive Chitosan Hydrogel Containing Gefitinib Loaded Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Nanoparticles in a Subcutaneous Breast Cancer Model.” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 624: 122036.
|
| [45] |
Karnwal, A., G. Kumar, R. Singh, M. Selvaraj, T. Malik, and A. Al Tawaha. 2025. “Natural Biopolymers in Edible Coatings: Applications in Food Preservation.” Food Chemistry: X 25: 102171.
|
| [46] |
Kassem, A. M., M. Almukainzi, T. M. Faris, et al. 2024. “A pH-Sensitive Silica Nanoparticles for Colon-Specific Delivery and Controlled Release of Catechin: Optimization of Loading Efficiency and In Vitro Release Kinetics.” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 192: 106652.
|
| [47] |
Kaushal, N., and M. Singh. 2023. “Fabrication and Characterization of a Bilayered System Enabling Sustained Release of Bioflavonoids Derived From Mandarin Biomass.” Food Hydrocolloids for Health 3: 100114.
|
| [48] |
Kumar, R., T. Islam, and M. Nurunnabi. 2022. “Mucoadhesive Carriers for Oral Drug Delivery.” Journal of Controlled Release 351: 504–559.
|
| [49] |
Le, K. M., N.-T. Trinh, V. D.-X. Nguyen, et al. 2021. “Investigating the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin-Loaded Silica-Containing Redox Nanoparticles.” Journal of Nanomaterials 2021: 1–11.
|
| [50] |
Li, H., M. Pan, Y. Li, M. Cui, and M. Zhang. 2025. “New Targets for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites.” Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 27: 1850–1863.
|
| [51] |
Liu, J., Y. Wang, W. J. Heelan, Y. Chen, Z. Li, and Q. Hu. 2022. “Mucoadhesive Probiotic Backpacks With ROS Nanoscavengers Enhance the Bacteriotherapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.” Science Advances 8, no. 45: eabp8798.
|
| [52] |
Liu, L., W. Yao, Y. Rao, X. Lu, and J. Gao. 2017. “Ph-Responsive Carriers for Oral Drug Delivery: Challenges and Opportunities of Current Platforms.” Drug Delivery 24, no. 1: 569–581.
|
| [53] |
Ma, Y., K. J. Thurecht, and A. G. A. Coombes. 2021. “Development of Enteric-Coated, Biphasic Chitosan/HPMCMicrocapsules for Colon-Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles.” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 607: 121026.
|
| [54] |
Mafe, A. N., G. I. Edo, O. S. Majeed, et al. 2025. “A Review on Probiotics and Dietary Bioactives: Insights on Metabolic Well-Being, Gut Microbiota, and Inflammatory Responses.” Food Chemistry Advances 6: 100919.
|
| [55] |
Mazziotta, C., M. Tognon, F. Martini, E. Torreggiani, and J. C. Rotondo. 2023. “Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health.” Cells 12, no. 1: 184.
|
| [56] |
McCoubrey, L. E., A. Favaron, A. Awad, M. Orlu, S. Gaisford, and A. W. Basit. 2023. “Colonic Drug Delivery: Formulating the Next Generation of Colon-Targeted Therapeutics.” Journal of Controlled Release 353: 1107–1126.
|
| [57] |
Moreno-Vásquez, M. J., M. Plascencia-Jatomea, S. Sánchez-Valdes, et al. 2021. “Characterization of Epigallocatechin-Gallate-Grafted Chitosan Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential.” Polymers 13, no. 9: 1375.
|
| [58] |
Morrison, D. J., and T. Preston. 2016. “Formation of Short Chain Fatty Acids by the Gut Microbiota and Their Impact on Human Metabolism.” Gut Microbes 7, no. 3: 189–200.
|
| [59] |
Nalinbenjapun, S., S. Sripetthong, A. Basit, K. Chaimongkolnukul, W. Sajomsang, and C. Ovatlarnporn. 2025. “Synthesis and Characterization of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid-Azobenzyl-Chitosan Conjugates-Based Prodrugs for the Colon Targeted Delivery in Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-Induced Ulcerative Colitis.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 318, no. Pt 3: 144734.
|
| [60] |
Nedelcu, A., O. Mosteanu, T. Pop, T. Mocan, and L. Mocan. 2021. “Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.” Applied Sciences 11, no. 1: 438.
|
| [61] |
Niu, M.-M., H.-X. Guo, J.-W. Cai, and X.-C. Meng. 2022. “Bifidobacterium Breve Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Maintaining the Mucosal and Epithelial Barriers and Modulating Gut Microbes.” Nutrients 14, no. 18: 3671.
|
| [62] |
Oliveira, I., T. Pinto, S. Afonso, et al. 2025. “Sustainability in Bio-Based Edible Films, Coatings, and Packaging for Small Fruits.” Applied Sciences 15, no. 3: 1462.
|
| [63] |
O'Riordan, K. J., G. M. Moloney, L. Keane, G. Clarke, and J. F. Cryan. 2025. “The Gut Microbiota-Immune-Brain Axis: Therapeutic Implications.” Cell Reports. Medicine 6, no. 3: 101982.
|
| [64] |
Otvagin, V. F., L. V. Krylova, N. N. Peskova, et al. 2024. “A First-in-Class β-glucuronidase Responsive Conjugate for Selective Dual Targeted and Photodynamic Therapy of Bladder Cancer.” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 269: 116283.
|
| [65] |
Ouyang, J., Z. Zhang, B. Deng, et al. 2023. “Oral Drug Delivery Platforms for Biomedical Applications.” Materials Today 62: 296–326.
|
| [66] |
Plamada, D., and D. C. Vodnar. 2021. “Polyphenols-Gut Microbiota Interrelationship: A Transition to a New Generation of Prebiotics.” Nutrients 14, no. 1: 137.
|
| [67] |
Puccetti, M., S. Xiroudaki, M. Ricci, and S. Giovagnoli. 2020. “Postbiotic-Enabled Targeting of the Host-Microbiota-Pathogen Interface: Hints of Antibiotic Decline?” Pharmaceutics 12, no. 7: 624.
|
| [68] |
Qin, X.-S., Z.-G. Luo, and X.-L. Li. 2021. “An Enhanced Ph-Sensitive Carrier Based on Alginate-Ca-EDTA in a Set-Type W1/O/W2 Double Emulsion Model Stabilized With WPI-EGCG Covalent Conjugates for Probiotics Colon-Targeted Release.” Food Hydrocolloids 113: 106460.
|
| [69] |
Sabarathinam, S., A. Jayaraman, and R. Venkatachalapathy. 2025. “Gut Microbiome-Derived Metabolites and Their Impact on Gene Regulatory Networks in Gestational Diabetes.” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 247: 106674.
|
| [70] |
Saini, L., A. Dubey, R. Pal, P. Pandey, and R. K. Mandal. 2024. “Synthetic and Natural Polymers Enhancing Drug Delivery and Their Treatment: A Comprehensive Review.” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14, no. 10: 153–165.
|
| [71] |
Sardelli, L., S. Perottoni, M. Tunesi, et al. 2021. “Technological Tools and Strategies for Culturing Human Gut Microbiota in Engineered In Vitro Models.” Biotechnology and Bioengineering 118, no. 8: 2886–2905.
|
| [72] |
Senthil Kumar, C., R. Thangam, S. A. Mary, P. R. Kannan, G. Arun, and B. Madhan. 2020. “Targeted Delivery and Apoptosis Induction of Trans-Resveratrol-Ferulic Acid Loaded Chitosan Coated Folic Acid Conjugate Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Colon Cancer Cells.” Carbohydrate Polymers 231: 115682.
|
| [73] |
Severino, P., C. F. da Silva, M. A. da Silva, M. H. A. Santana, and E. B. Souto. 2016. “Chitosan Cross-Linked Pentasodium Tripolyphosphate Micro/Nanoparticles Produced by Ionotropic Gelation.” Sugar Tech: An International Journal of Sugar Crops & Related Industries 18, no. 1: 49–54.
|
| [74] |
Shen, Y., N. Fan, S. Ma, X. Cheng, X. Yang, and G. Wang. 2025. “Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Pathogenesis, Diseases, Prevention, and Therapy.” MedComm 6, no. 5: e70168.
|
| [75] |
Shrestha, P., R. Duwa, S. Lee, T. K. Kwon, J.-H. Jeong, and S. Yook. 2024. “ROS-Responsive Thioketal Nanoparticles Delivering System for Targeted Ulcerative Colitis Therapy With Potent HDAC6 Inhibitor, Tubastatin A.” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 201: 106856.
|
| [76] |
Sorboni, S. G., H. S. Moghaddam, R. Jafarzadeh-Esfehani, and S. Soleimanpour. 2022. “A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 35, no. 1: e0033820.
|
| [77] |
Spleis, H., M. Sandmeier, V. Claus, and A. Bernkop-Schnürch. 2023. “Surface Design of Nanocarriers: Key to More Efficient Oral Drug Delivery Systems.” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 313: 102848.
|
| [78] |
Sun, X., C. Liu, A. M. Omer, L.-Y. Yang, and X. Ouyang. 2019. “Dual-Layered pH-Sensitive Alginate/Chitosan/Kappa-Carrageenan Microbeads for Colon-Targeted Release of 5-Fluorouracil.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 132: 487–494.
|
| [79] |
Sun, Z., Z. Yue, E. Liu, X. Li, and C. Li. 2022. “Assessment of the Bifidogenic and Antibacterial Activities of Xylooligosaccharide.” Frontiers in Nutrition 9: 858949.
|
| [80] |
Thorn, C. R., A. J. Clulow, B. J. Boyd, C. A. Prestidge, and N. Thomas. 2020. “Bacterial Lipase Triggers the Release of Antibiotics From Digestible Liquid Crystal Nanoparticles.” Journal of Controlled Release 319: 168–182.
|
| [81] |
Vijayaram, S., R. Sinha, C. Faggio, E. Ringø, and C.-C. Chou. 2024. “Biopolymer Encapsulation for Improved Probiotic Delivery: Advancements and Challenges.” AIMS Microbiology 10, no. 4: 986–1023.
|
| [82] |
Wang, L., R. Fu, Y. Meng, et al. 2024. “PH Sensitive Quercetin Nanoparticles Ameliorate DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Colon-Specific Delivery.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 68, no. 2: e2300051.
|
| [83] |
Wu, M., H. Ping, K. Wang, et al. 2023. “Oral Delivery of Pectin-Chitosan Hydrogels Entrapping Macrophage-Targeted Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis.” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 647: 123510.
|
| [84] |
Yadav, S., and R. G. Raj. 2025. “Parkinson's Disease and the Gut Microbiota Connection: Unveiling Dysbiosis and Exploring Therapeutic Horizons.” Neuroscience 581: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.07.003.
|
| [85] |
Yadav, M., N. Sehrawat, A. K. Sharma, et al. 2024. “Synbiotics as Potent Functional Food: Recent Updates on Therapeutic Potential and Mechanistic Insight.” Journal of Food Science and Technology 61, no. 1: 1–15.
|
| [86] |
Yang, K., X. Wang, R. Huang, H. Wang, P. Lan, Y. Zhao, 2022. “Prebiotics and Postbiotics Synergistic Delivery Microcapsules From Microfluidics for Treating Colitis.” Advanced Science 9, no.16: e2104089. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202104089.
|
| [87] |
Yeo, J. 2023. “Influence of Food-Derived Bioactives on Gut Microbiota Compositions and Their Metabolites by Focusing on Neurotransmitters.” Food science and biotechnology 32, no. 8: 1019–1027.
|
| [88] |
Yoha, K. S., S. Harini, J. A. Moses, and C. Anandharamakrishnan. 2024. “Co-Encapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum NCIM 2083 With Resveratrol for Improved Bioaccessibility.” Food Bioscience 60: 104234.
|
| [89] |
Zhang, C., J. Li, M. Xiao, et al. 2022. “Oral Colon-Targeted Mucoadhesive Micelles With Enzyme-Responsive Controlled Release of Curcumin for Ulcerative Colitis Therapy.” Chinese Chemical Letters 33, no. 11: 4924–4929.
|
| [90] |
Zhang, F., X. Zheng, Y. Ma, et al. 2025. “Sodium Alginate/Low Methoxyl Pectin Composite Hydrogel Beads Prepared Via Gas-Shearing Technology for Enhancing the Colon-Targeted Delivery of Probiotics and Modulating Gut Microbiota.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 300: 140375.
|
| [91] |
Zhang, F. 2016. “Melt-Extruded Eudragit® FS-Based Granules for Colonic Drug Delivery.” AAPS PharmSciTech 17, no. 1: 56–67.
|
| [92] |
Zhao, X., Y. Zhang, P. Wang, et al. 2024. “Layer by Layer Self-Assembled Hyaluronic Acid Nanoarmor for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis.” Journal of Nanobiotechnology 22, no. 1: 633.
|
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
2025 The Author(s). Food Bioengineering published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. on behalf of State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology.
PDF
