Sustainable Valorization of Jackfruit Peel Waste: Bio-Functional and Structural Characterization

Abstract

The sustainable utilization of agricultural waste holds immense promise in addressing environmental concerns and promoting resource efficiency. In this context, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel waste emerges as a valuable yet underexplored resource. Therefore, this study aimed at the bio-functional and structural characterization of A. heterophyllus peel waste for unlocking its potential for food applications. By using cutting-edge and environmentally friendly technology, A. heterophyllus peel can be used as a bioresource (raw material) to obtain a variety of high-value biocompounds, in line with the circular bioeconomy philosophy. In this work, we examined A. heterophyllus peel, from its chemical composition to its functional and biological characteristics. Proximate analysis of the A. heterophyllus peel revealed the presence of protein (1%) and fiber (21%) content. Microscopic imaging (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) provided a comprehensive visual depiction of the peel's surface structure that possesses a high heat stability with peak disintegration observed at 200°C–300°C that was detected by thermogravimetric analysis. The findings of phytochemical screenings reported the presence of various bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, and tannins. Notably, the peel exhibited inhibitory effects against several bacterial strains, including Alcaligenes faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli in the antimicrobial analysis. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis identified the presence of alcohols and phenols, while X-ray diffraction data displayed characteristic diffraction peaks at 20°–25°. In conclusion, this study identified the potential utility of A. heterophyllus peel as a valuable source of phytochemical compounds, polyphenolic antioxidants, and the antimicrobial additives that can be used in wide agri-food-pharma industries.

Keywords

antimicrobial activity / antioxidant activity / characterization / Jackfruit peel / structural characterization / sustainable valorization

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