Innovations in Organoid Engineering: Construction Methods, Model Development, and Clinical Translation

Xue Shen; Haiyan Jiang; Xiaoyu Fan; Xiaoyan Duan; Tusi Lin; Wanfang Li; Jie Bao; Jia Xu; Bosai He; Hongtao Jin

doi:10.14218/FIM.2025.00023

›› 2025, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (3) : 163 -179. DOI: 10.14218/FIM.2025.00023

Review Article

research-article

Innovations in Organoid Engineering: Construction Methods, Model Development, and Clinical Translation

Xue Shen ¹^,²
, Haiyan Jiang ²
, Xiaoyu Fan ²
, Xiaoyan Duan ²
, Tusi Lin ²^,³
, Wanfang Li ²^,⁴
, Jie Bao ²^,⁴
, Jia Xu ⁵
, Bosai He ¹^,^*
, Hongtao Jin ²^,⁴^,⁶^,^*

Author information +

History +

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Abstract

Organoids are derived from self-organizing stem cells and form three-dimensional structures that are structurally and functionally similar to in vivo tissues. With the ability to replicate the in vivo microenvironment and maintain genetic stability, organoids have become a powerful tool for elucidating developmental mechanisms, accurately modeling disease processes, and efficiently screening drug candidates, and have also demonstrated significant value in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-including applications in screening active components of TCM, studying TCM pharmacodynamic mechanisms, evaluating TCM safety, and verifying the effects of traditional non-pharmacological therapies such as acupuncture and yoga. Organoids can be cultured using air-liquid interface systems, bioreactors, and vascularization techniques. They are widely used in drug screening, disease modeling, precision medicine, and toxicity assessment. However, current limitations include high costs, difficulty in accurately replicating the microenvironment, and ethical concerns. In this review, we systematically retrieve, synthesize, and analyze relevant literature to elucidate the culture methods of organoid technology, its diverse applications across various fields, and the challenges it faces. In the future, integration with artificial intelligence may provide new insights and strategies for drug development and disease research and the modernization of TCM.

Keywords

Organoid / Pluripotent stem cell / PSC / Tumor microenvironment / TME / High-throughput screening / HTS / Drug development

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Xue Shen, Haiyan Jiang, Xiaoyu Fan, Xiaoyan Duan, Tusi Lin, Wanfang Li, Jie Bao, Jia Xu, Bosai He, Hongtao Jin. Innovations in Organoid Engineering: Construction Methods, Model Development, and Clinical Translation. , 2025, 4(3): 163-179 DOI:10.14218/FIM.2025.00023

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