Production of hydrogen from fossil fuel: A review

Abstract

Production of hydrogen, one of the most promising alternative clean fuels, through catalytic conversion from fossil fuel is the most technically and economically feasible technology. Catalytic conversion of natural gas into hydrogen and carbon is thermodynamically favorable under atmospheric conditions. However, using noble metals as a catalyst is costly for hydrogen production, thus mandating non-noble metal-based catalysts such as Ni, Co, and Cu-based alloys. This paper reviews the various hydrogen production methods from fossil fuels through pyrolysis, partial oxidation, autothermal, and steam reforming, emphasizing the catalytic production of hydrogen via steam reforming of methane. The multicomponent catalysts composed of several non-noble materials have been summarized. Of the Ni, Co, and Cu-based catalysts investigated in the literature, Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst is the most economical and performs best because it suppresses the coke formation on the catalyst. To avoid carbon emission, this method of hydrogen production from methane should be integrated with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Carbon capture can be accomplished by absorption, adsorption, and membrane separation processes. The remaining challenges, prospects, and future research and development directions are described.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

methane / catalytic conversion / natural gas / hydrogen production / CCUS

References

[1] van Renssen S. The hydrogen solution?. Nature Climate Change, 2020, 10(9): 799–801

[2] Malaika A, Krzyzyńska B, Kozłowski M. Catalytic decomposition of methane in the presence of in situ obtained ethylene as a method of hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(14): 7470–7475

[3] Pivovar B S, Ruth M F, Myers D J. . Hydrogen: Targeting $1/kg in 1 decade. Electrochemical Society Interface, 2021, 30(4): 61–66

[4] Shiva Kumar S, Himabindu V. Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis—A review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2019, 2(3): 442–454

[5] Megía P J, Vizcaino A J, Calles J A. . Hydrogen production technologies: From fossil fuels toward renewable sources. A mini review. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35(20): 16403–16415

[6] Hosseini S E, Abdul Wahid M, Jamil M M. . A review on biomass-based hydrogen production for renewable energy supply. International Journal of Energy Research, 2015, 39(12): 1597–1615

[7] Nikolaidis P, Poullikkas A. A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 67: 597–611

[8] Solarte-Toro J C, González-Aguirre J A, Poveda Giraldo J A. . Thermochemical processing of woody biomass: A review focused on energy-driven applications and catalytic upgrading. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 136: 110376

[9] Dincer I, Acar C. Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(34): 11094–11111

[10] Agyekum E B, Nutakor C, Agwa A M. . A critical review of renewable hydrogen production methods: Factors affecting their scale-up and its role in future energy generation. Membranes (Basel), 2022, 12(2): 173

[11] Ahmed S F, Mofijur M, Nahrin S N. . Biohydrogen production from wastewater-based microalgae: Progresses and challenges. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(88): 37321–37342

[12] Sovacool B K, Schmid P, Stirling A. . Differences in carbon emissions reduction between countries pursuing renewable electricity versus nuclear power. Nature Energy, 2020, 5(11): 928–935

[13] Anwar S, Khan F, Zhang Y. . Recent development in electrocatalysts for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(63): 32284–32317

[14] Sebbahi S, Nabil N, Alaoui-Belghiti A. . Assessment of the three most developed water electrolysis technologies: Alkaline water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane and solid-oxide electrolysis. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022, 66: 140–145

[15] Chatenet M, Bruno G, Pollet D R. . Water electrolysis: From textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chemical Society Reviews, 2022, 51(11): 4583–4762

[16] Nnabuife S G, Ugbeh-Johnson J, Okeke N E. . Present and projected developments in hydrogen production: A technological review. Carbon Capture Science & Technology, 2022, 3: 100042

[17] Acar C, Dincer I. Comparative assessment of hydrogen production methods from renewable and non-renewable sources. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(1): 1–12

[18] Rand D A J. A journey on the electrochemical road to sustainability. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2011, 15(7–8): 1579–1622

[19] Cipriani G, Di Dio V, Genduso F. . Perspective on hydrogen energy carrier and its automotive applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(16): 8482–8494

[20] van de LoosdrechtJNiemantsverdrietJ W. Synthesis gas to hydrogen, methanol, and synthetic fuels. In: Schlögl R, ed. Chemical Energy Storage. Boston: De Gruyter, 2013, 443–458

[21] Balat M, Balat M. Political, economic and environmental impacts of biomass-based hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34(9): 3589–3603

[22] Koumi Ngoh S, Njomo D. An overview of hydrogen gas production from solar energy. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(9): 6782–6792

[23] Karchiyappan T. A review on hydrogen energy production from electrochemical system: Benefits and challenges. Energy Sources. Part A, Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019, 41(7): 902–909

[24] TheInternational Energy Agency. Global hydrogen review 2022. 2023-6-28, available at website of IEA

[25] NaturalResources Canada. Hydrogen strategy of Canada: Seizing the opportunities for hydrogen. 2023-6-28, available at website of Government of Canada

[26] TheInternational Renewable Energy Agency. Global energy transformation: A roadmap to 2050. 2023-6-28, available at website of IRENA

[27] FranceHydrogène. Hydrogen scaling up: A sustainable pathway for the global energy transition. 2023-6-28, available at website of France Hydrogène

[28] EnergyTransitions Commission. Mission possible: Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors. 2023-6-28, available at website of Energy Transitions Commission

[29] Muradov N Z. How to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels without CO₂ emission. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1993, 18(3): 211–215

[30] InternationalEnergy Agency. Net zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector. 2023-6-28, available at website of IEA

[31] Khan M A, Zhao H, Zou W. . Recent progresses in electrocatalysts for water electrolysis. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2018, 1: 483–530

[32] Chi J, Yu H. Water electrolysis based on renewable energy for hydrogen production. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2018, 39(3): 390–394

[33] Zeng K, Zhang D. Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production and applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2010, 36(3): 307–326

[34] Achten W M J, Verchot L, Franken Y J. . Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2008, 32(12): 1063–1084

[35] Milazzo M F, Spina F, Primerano P. . Soy biodiesel pathways: Global prospects. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, 26: 579–624

[36] Ahmed A, Al-Amin A Q, Ambrose A F. . Hydrogen fuel and transport system: A sustainable and environmental future. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(3): 1369–1380

[37] Pinsky R, Sabharwall P, Hartvigsen J. . Comparative review of hydrogen production technologies for nuclear hybrid energy systems. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2020, 123: 103317

[38] Lee B, Heo J, Kim S. . Economic feasibility studies of high-pressure PEM water electrolysis for distributed H₂ refueling stations. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 162: 139–144

[39] Collodi G, Azzaro G, Ferrari N. . Techno-economic evaluation of deploying CCS in SMR based merchant H₂ production with NG as feedstock and fuel. Energy Procedia, 2017, 114: 2690–2712

[40] Leal Pérez B J, Medrano Jiménez J A, Bhardwaj R. . Methane pyrolysis in a molten gallium bubble column reactor for sustainable hydrogen production: Proof of concept & techno-economic assessment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(7): 4917–4935

[41] Rudolph C, Atakan B. Pyrolysis of methane and ethane in a compression–expansion process as a new concept for chemical energy storage: A kinetic and exergetic investigation. Energy Technology (Weinheim), 2021, 9(3): 2000948

[42] Palmer C, Bunyan E, Gelinas J. . CO₂-free hydrogen production by catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbon feedstocks in molten Ni-Bi. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(12): 16073–16080

[43] Fakeeha A, Ibrahim A A, Aljuraywi H. . Hydrogen production by partial oxidation reforming of methane over Ni catalysts supported on high and low surface area alumina and zirconia. Processes (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 8(5): 499

[44] Huang H K, Chih Y K, Chen W H. . Synthesis and regeneration of mesoporous Ni–Cu/Al₂O₄ catalyst in sub-kilogram-scale for methanol steam reforming reaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(88): 37542–37551

[45] Żukowski W, Berkowicz G. Hydrogen production through the partial oxidation of methanol using N₂O in a fluidised bed of an iron-chromium catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(47): 28247–28253

[46] Abdul Ghani A, Torabi F, Ibrahim H. Autothermal reforming process for efficient hydrogen production from crude glycerol using nickel supported catalyst: Parametric and statistical analyses. Energy, 2018, 144: 129–145

[47] Matus E V, Ismagilov I Z, Yashnik S A. . Hydrogen production through autothermal reforming of CH₄: Efficiency and action mode of noble (M = Pt, Pd) and non-noble (M = Re, Mo, Sn) metal additives in the composition of Ni-M/Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(58): 33352–33369

[48] Matus E, Sukhova O, Ismagilov I. . Hydrogen production through autothermal reforming of ethanol: Enhancement of Ni catalyst performance via promotion. Energies, 2021, 14(16): 5176

[49] Noh Y S, Lee K Y, Moon D J. Hydrogen production by steam reforming of methane over nickel based structured catalysts supported on calcium aluminate modified SiC. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(38): 21010–21019

[50] Lima D S, Calgaro C O, Perez-Lopez O W. Hydrogen production by glycerol steam reforming over Ni based catalysts prepared by different methods. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2019, 130: 105358

[51] Zeng Z, Liu G, Geng J. . A high-performance PdZn alloy catalyst obtained from metal-organic framework for methanol steam reforming hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(45): 24387–24397

[52] Schneider S, Bajohr S, Graf F. . State of the art of hydrogen production via pyrolysis of natural gas. ChemBioEng Reviews, 2020, 7(5): 150–158

[53] Bhaskar A, Assadi M, Somehsaraei H N. Can methane pyrolysis based hydrogen production lead to the decarbonisation of iron and steel industry?. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 2021, 10: 100079

[54] Parkinson B, Balcombe P, Speirs J F. . Levelized cost of CO₂ mitigation from hydrogen production routes. Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, 12(1): 19–40

[55] Ahmed S F, Mofijur M, Nuzhat S. . Sustainable hydrogen production: Technological advancements and economic analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(88): 37227–37255

[56] Djimasbe R, Ilyasov I R, Kwofie M. . Direct hydrogen production from extra-heavy crude oil under supercritical water conditions using a catalytic (Ni-Co/Al₂O₃) upgrading process. Catalysts, 2022, 12(10): 1183

[57] Kertthong T, Schmid M, Scheffknecht G. Non-catalytic partial oxidation of methane in biomass-derived syngas with high steam and hydrogen content optimal for subsequent synthesis process. Journal of Energy Institute, 2022, 105: 251–261

[58] Kim J, Byeon J, Seo I G. . Temperature oscillations in methanol partial oxidation reactor for the production of hydrogen. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2013, 30(4): 790–795

[59] Lian Z, Wang Y, Zhang X. . Hydrogen production by fluidized bed reactors: A quantitative perspective using the supervised machine learning approach. Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 2021, 4(3): 266–287

[60] Nam H, Wang S, Sanjeev K C. . Enriched hydrogen production over air and air-steam fluidized bed gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor with CaO: Effects of biomass and bed material catalyst. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 225(1): 113408

[61] Yaghoubi E, Xiong Q, Doranehgard M H. . The effect of different operational parameters on hydrogen rich syngas production from biomass gasification in a dual fluidized bed gasifier. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2018, 126: 210–221

[62] Hanchate N, Malhotra R, Mathpati C S. Design of experiments and analysis of dual fluidized bed gasifier for syngas production: Cold flow studies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(6): 4776–4787

[63] Dawood F, Anda M, Shafiullah G M. Hydrogen production for energy: An overview. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(7): 3847–3869

[64] Amiri T Y, Ghasemzageh K, Iulianelli A. Membrane reactors for sustainable hydrogen production through steam reforming of hydrocarbons: A review. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2020, 157: 108148

[65] Poirier M G, Sapundzhiev C. Catalytic decomposition of natural gas to hydrogen for fuel cell applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1997, 22(4): 429–433

[66] Surer M G, Arat H T. State of art of hydrogen usage as a fuel on aviation. European Mechanical Science, 2018, 2(1): 20–30

[67] Zhang H, Sun Z, Hu Y H. Steam reforming of methane: Current states of catalyst design and process upgrading. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 149: 111330

[68] BPEnergy Economics. BP energy outlook 2019 edition. 2023-6-28, available at website of BP

[69] Ashik U P M, Wan Daud W M A, Abbas H F. Production of greenhouse gas free hydrogen by thermocatalytic decomposition of methane—A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 44: 221–256

[70] Chen L, Qi Z, Zhang S. . Catalytic hydrogen production from methane: A review on recent progress and prospect. Catalysts, 2020, 10(8): 858

[71] Mahajan D, Taylor C E, Mansoori G A. An introduction to natural gas hydrate/clathrate: The major organic carbon reserve of the Earth. Journal of Petroleum Science Engineering, 2007, 56(1–3): 1–8

[72] Simpson A P, Lutz A E. Exergy analysis of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32(18): 4811–4820

[73] Iulianelli A, Liguori S, Wilcox J. . Advances on methane steam reforming to produce hydrogen through membrane reactors technology: A review. Catalysis Reviews. Science and Engineering, 2016, 58(1): 1–35

[74] Barelli L, Bidini G, Gallorini F. . Hydrogen production through sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming and membrane technology: A review. Energy, 2008, 33(4): 554–570

[75] Wilhelm D J, Simbeck D R, Karp A D. . Syngas production for gas-to-liquids applications: Technologies, issues and outlook. Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 71(1−3): 139–148

[76] Rouwenhorst K H R, Engelmann Y, van’t Veer K. . Plasma-driven catalysis: Green ammonia synthesis with intermittent electricity. Green Chemistry, 2020, 22(19): 6258–6287

[77] Adris A M, Pruden B B, Lim C J. . On the reported attempts to radically improve the performance of the steam methane reforming reactor. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 1996, 74(2): 177–186

[78] Tuza P V, Souza M M V M. Steam reforming of methane over catalyst derived from ordered double perovskite: Effect of crystalline phase transformation. Catalysis Letters, 2016, 146(1): 47–53

[79] Feio L S F, Hori C E, Damyanova S. . The effect of ceria content on the properties of Pd/CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts for steam reforming of methane. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2007, 316(1): 107–116

[80] Zhang L, Roling L T, Wang X. . Platinum-based nanocages with subnanometer-thick walls and well-defined, controllable facets. Science, 2015, 349(6246): 412–416

[81] Qiao B, Wang A, Yang X. . Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1/FeO_x. Nature Chemistry, 2011, 3(8): 634–641

[82] Sun P, Young B, Elgowainy A. . Criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from hydrogen production in U.S. steam methane reforming facilities. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(12): 7103–7113

[83] Bobrova I I, Bobrov N N, Chesnokov V V. . Catalytic steam reforming of methane: New data on the contribution of homogeneous radical reactions in the gas phase: II. A ruthenium catalyst. Kinetics and Catalysis, 2001, 42(6): 805–812

[84] Tomishige K, Li D, Tamura M. . Nickel-iron alloy catalysts for reforming of hydrocarbons: Preparation, structure, and catalytic properties. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2017, 7(18): 3952–3979

[85] Soloviev S O, Gubareni I V, Orlyk S M. Oxidative reforming of methane on structured nickel–alumina catalysts: A review. Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry, 2018, 54(5): 293–315

[86] Li D, Nakagawa Y, Tomishige K. Methane reforming to synthesis gas over Ni catalysts modified with noble metals. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2011, 408(1−2): 1–24

[87] Msheik M, Rodat S, Abanades S. Methane cracking for hydrogen production: A review of catalytic and molten media pyrolysis. Energies, 2021, 14(11): 3107

[88] Meloni E, Martino M, Palma V. A short review on Ni-based catalysts and related engineering issues for methane steam reforming. Catalysts, 2020, 10(3): 352

[89] Summa P, Samojeden B, Motak M. Dry and steam reforming of methane. Comparison and analysis of recently investigated catalytic materials. A short review. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 2019, 21(2): 31–37

[90] Christofoletti T, Assaf J M, Assaf E M. Methane steam reforming on supported and non-supported molybdenum carbides. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2005, 106(2): 97–103

[91] Watanabe F, Kaburaki I, Shimoda N. . Sulfur tolerance of noble metal catalysts for steam methane reforming. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 2017, 60(3): 137–145

[92] Maestri M, Vlachos D G, Beretta A. . Steam and dry reforming of methane on Rh: Microkinetic analysis and hierarchy of kinetic models. Journal of Catalysis, 2008, 259(2): 211–222

[93] Fan C, Zhu Y A, Yang M L. . Density functional theory-assisted microkinetic analysis of methane dry reforming on Ni catalyst. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015, 54(22): 5901–5913

[94] Kathiraser Y, Oemar U, Saw E T. . Kinetic and mechanistic aspects for CO₂ reforming of methane over Ni based catalysts. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 278: 62–78

[95] Wang Z, Cao X M, Zhu J. . Activity and coke formation of nickel and nickel carbide in dry reforming: A deactivation scheme from density functional theory. Journal of Catalysis, 2014, 311: 469–480

[96] Niu J, Guo F, Ran J. . Methane dry (CO₂) reforming to syngas (H₂/CO) in catalytic process: From experimental study and DFT calculations. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(55): 30267–30287

[97] Fujimoto Y, Ohba T. Size-dependent catalytic hydrogen production via methane decomposition and aromatization at a low-temperature using Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, and Ru nanometals. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2022, 24(47): 28794–28803

[98] Hasnan N S N, Timmiati S N, Lim K L. . Recent developments in methane decomposition over heterogeneous catalysts: An overview. Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2020, 9(2): 8–18

[99] Gonçalves J F, Souza M M V M. Effect of doping niobia over Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts for methane steam reforming. Catalysis Letters, 2018, 148(5): 1478–1489

[100] Lertwittayanon K, Youravong W, Lau W J. Enhanced catalytic performance of Ni/A-Al₂O₃ catalyst modified with CaZrO₃ nanoparticles in steam-methane reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(47): 28254–28265

[101] Xu J, Chen L, Tan K F. . Effect of boron on the stability of Ni catalysts during steam methane reforming. Journal of Catalysis, 2009, 261(2): 158–165

[102] Barati Dalenjan M, Rashidi A, Khorasheh F. . Effect of Ni ratio on mesoporous Ni/MgO nanocatalyst synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method for thermal catalytic decomposition of CH₄ to H₂. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(22): 11539–11551

[103] Hu Y H. Solid-solution catalysts for CO₂ reforming of methane. Catalysis Today, 2009, 148(3−4): 206–211

[104] Park Y S, Kang M, Byeon P. . Fabrication of a regenerable Ni supported NiO-MgO catalyst for methane steam reforming by exsolution. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 397: 318–324

[105] Dehghan-Niri R, Walmsley J C, Holmen A. . Nanoconfinement of Ni clusters towards a high sintering resistance of steam methane reforming catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2012, 2(12): 2476–2484

[106] Zhai X, Ding S, Liu Z. . Catalytic performance of Ni catalysts for steam reforming of methane at high space velocity. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(1): 482–489

[107] Li J, Zhu Q, Peng W. . Novel hierarchical Ni/MgO catalyst for highly efficient CO methanation in a fluidized bed reactor. AIChE Journal, 2017, 63(6): 2141–2152

[108] Do J Y, Chava R, Son N. . Effect of Ce doping of a Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst on hydrogen production via propane steam reforming. Catalysts, 2018, 8(10): 413

[109] Lee S Y, Lim H, Woo H C. Catalytic activity and characterizations of Ni/K₂Ti_xO_y-Al₂O₃ catalyst for steam methane reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(31): 17645–17655

[110] Roh H S, Eum I H, Jeong D W. Low temperature steam reforming of methane over Ni-Ce_1–xZr_xO₂ catalysts under severe conditions. Renewable Energy, 2012, 42: 212–216

[111] Takehira K, Shishido T, Wang P. . Autothermal reforming of CH₄ over supported Ni catalysts prepared from Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like anionic clay. Journal of Catalysis, 2004, 221(1): 43–54

[112] Morales-Cano F, Lundegaard L F, Tiruvalam R R. . Improving the sintering resistance of Ni/Al₂O₃ steam-reforming catalysts by promotion with noble metals. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2015, 498: 117–125

[113] Yang X, Da J, Yu H. . Characterization and performance evaluation of Ni-based catalysts with Ce promoter for methane and hydrocarbons steam reforming process. Fuel, 2016, 179: 353–361

[114] Fukuhara C, Yamamoto K, Makiyama Y. . A metal-honeycomb-type structured catalyst for steam reforming of methane: Effect of preparation condition change on reforming performance. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2015, 492: 190–200

[115] You X, Wang X, Ma Y. . Ni-Co/Al₂O₃ bimetallic catalysts for CH₄ steam reforming: Elucidating the role of Co for improving coke resistance. ChemCatChem, 2014, 6(12): 3377–3386

[116] Miura S, Umemura Y, Shiratori Y. . In situ synthesis of Ni/MgO catalysts on inorganic paper-like matrix for methane steam reforming. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 229: 515–521

[117] Katheria S, Gupta A, Deo G. . Effect of calcination temperature on stability and activity of Ni/MgAl₂O₄ catalyst for steam reforming of methane at high pressure condition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(32): 14123–14132

[118] Jiménez-González C, Boukha Z, De Rivas B. . Behavior of coprecipitated NiAl₂O₄/Al₂O₃ catalysts for low-temperature methane steam reforming. Energy & Fuels, 2014, 28(11): 7109–7121

[119] Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Z. . Steam reforming of methane over Ni/SiO₂ catalyst with enhanced coke resistance at low steam to methane ratio. Catalysis Today, 2015, 256(1): 130–136

[120] Kho E T, Scott J, Amal R. Ni/TiO₂ for low temperature steam reforming of methane. Chemical Engineering Science, 2016, 140: 161–170

[121] Bej B, Pradhan N C, Neogi S. Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of methane over alumina supported nano-NiO/SiO₂ catalyst. Catalysis Today, 2013, 207: 28–35

[122] Ma Y, Wang X, You X. . Nickel-supported on La₂Sn₂O₇ and La₂Zr₂O₇ pyrochlores for methane steam reforming: Insight into the difference between tin and zirconium in the b site of the compound. ChemCatChem, 2014, 6(12): 3366–3376

[123] Fang X, Zhang X, Guo Y. . Highly active and stable Ni/Y₂Zr₂O₇ catalysts for methane steam reforming: On the nature and effective preparation method of the pyrochlore support. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(26): 11141–11153

[124] Zhang X, Peng L, Fang X. . Ni/Y₂B₂O₇ (B=Ti, Sn, Zr and Ce) catalysts for methane steam reforming: On the effects of B site replacement. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(17): 8298–8312

[125] Palma S, Bobadilla L F, Corrales A. . Effect of gold on a NiLaO₃ perovskite catalyst for methane steam reforming. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 144: 846–854

[126] Lian J, Fang X, Liu W. . Ni supported on LaFeO₃ perovskites for methane steam reforming: On the promotional effects of plasma treatment in H₂–Ar atmosphere. Topics in Catalysis, 2017, 60(12−14): 831–842

[127] Angeli S D, Turchetti L, Monteleone G. . Catalyst development for steam reforming of methane and model biogas at low temperature. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 181: 34–46

[128] Homsi D, Aouad S, Gennequin C. . The effect of copper content on the reactivity of Cu/Co₆Al₂ solids in the catalytic steam reforming of methane reaction. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2014, 17(5): 454–458

[129] Itkulova S S, Boleubayev Y A, Valishevskiy K A. Multicomponent Co-based sol–gel catalysts for dry/steam reforming of methane. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2019, 92(2): 331–341

[130] Profeti L P R, Ticianelli E A, Assaf E M. Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts promoted with noble metals for production of hydrogen by methane steam reforming. Fuel, 2008, 87(10−11): 2076–2081

[131] Lucrédio A F, Filho G T, Assaf E M. Co/Mg/Al hydrotalcite-type precursor, promoted with La and Ce, studied by XPS and applied to methane steam reforming reactions. Applied Surface Science, 2009, 255(11): 5851–5856

[132] Lucrédio A F, Assaf E M. Cobalt catalysts prepared from hydrotalcite precursors and tested in methane steam reforming. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 159(1): 667–672

[133] Narkiewicz U, Podsiadły M, Jȩdrzejewski R. . Catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons on cobalt, nickel and iron catalysts to obtain carbon nanomaterials. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2010, 384(1−2): 27–35

[134] Brykin A V, Artemov A V, Kolegov K A. Analysis of the market of rare-earth elements (REEs) and REE catalysts. Catalysis in Industry, 2014, 6(1): 1–7

[135] Avdeeva L B, Kochubey D I, Shaikhutdinov S K. Cobalt catalysts of methane decomposition: Accumulation of the filamentous carbon. Applied Catalysis A, General, 1999, 177(1): 43–51

[136] Abdelbaki Y, de Arriba A, Solsona B. . The nickel-support interaction as determining factor of the selectivity to ethylene in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over nickel oxide/alumina catalysts. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2021, 623: 118242

[137] Italiano G, Delia A, Espro C. . Methane decomposition over Co thin layer supported catalysts to produce hydrogen for fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(20): 11568–11575

[138] Awadallah A E, Aboul-Enein A A, Aboul-Gheit A K. Impact of group VI metals addition to Co/MgO catalyst for non-oxidative decomposition of methane into CO_x-free hydrogen and carbon nanotubes. Fuel, 2014, 129: 27–36

[139] Nazari M, Alavi S M. An investigation of the simultaneous presence of Cu and Zn in different Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst loads using Taguchi design of experiment in steam reforming of methane. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(1): 691–702

[140] Sajjadi S M, Haghighi M, Eslami A A. . Hydrogen production via CO₂-reforming of methane over Cu and Co doped Ni/Al₂O₃ nanocatalyst: Impregnation versus sol-gel method and effect of process conditions and promoter. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2013, 67(3): 601–617

[141] Bayat N, Meshkani F, Rezaei M. Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane to CO_x-free hydrogen and carbon over Ni–Fe–Cu/Al₂O₃ catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(30): 13039–13049

[142] Saraswat S K, Pant K K. Synthesis of hydrogen and carbon nanotubes over copper promoted Ni/SiO₂ catalyst by thermocatalytic decomposition of methane. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2013, 13: 52–59

[143] Takenaka S, Shigeta Y, Tanabe E. . Methane decomposition into hydrogen and carbon nanofibers over supported Pd-Ni catalysts: Characterization of the catalysts during the reaction. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108(23): 7656–7664

[144] Chen J, Li X, Li Y. . Production of hydrogen and nanocarbon from direct decomposition of undiluted methane on high-nickeled Ni-Cu-alumina catalysts. Chemistry Letters, 2003, 32(5): 424–425

[145] Snoeck J W, Froment G F, Fowles M. Filamentous carbon formation and gasification: Thermodynamics, driving force, nucleation, and steady-state growth. Journal of Catalysis, 1997, 169(1): 240–249

[146] Rahman M S, Croiset E, Hudgins R R. Catalytic decomposition of methane for hydrogen production. Topics in Catalysis, 2006, 37(2–4): 137–145

[147] Wang S, Nabavi S A, Clough P T. A review on bi/polymetallic catalysts for steam methane reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(42): 15879–15893

[148] Ali Khan M H, Daiyan R, Neal P. . A framework for assessing economics of blue hydrogen production from steam methane reforming using carbon capture storage & utilisation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(44): 22685–22706

[149] TheInternational Energy Agency. The future of hydrogen. 2023-6-28, available at website of IEA

[150] Soltani R, Rosen M A, Dincer I. Assessment of CO₂ capture options from various points in steam methane reforming for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(35): 20266–20275

[151] PowerGBusseAMacMurrayJ. Demonstration of carbon capture and sequestration of steam methane reforming process gas used for large-scale hydrogen production. USDOE Technical Report 1437618, 2018

[152] Voldsund M, Jordal K, Anantharaman R. Hydrogen production with CO₂ capture. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(9): 4969–4992

[153] Wiheeb A D, Helwani Z, Kim J. . Pressure swing adsorption technologies for carbon dioxide capture. Separation and Purification Reviews, 2016, 45(2): 108–121

[154] Pires J, de Carvalho M B, Ribeiro F R. . Carbon dioxide in Y and ZSM-20 zeolites: Adsorption and infrared studies. Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 1993, 85(3): 295–303

[155] Yang S, Choi D Y, Jang S C. . Hydrogen separation by multi-bed pressure swing adsorption of synthesis gas. Adsorption, 2008, 14(4–5): 583–590

[156] Gomes V G, Yee K W K. Pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide sequestration from exhaust gases. Separation and Purification Technology, 2002, 28(2): 161–171

[157] Chou C T, Chen C Y. Carbon dioxide recovery by vacuum swing adsorption. Separation and Purification Technology, 2004, 39(1−2): 51–65

[158] Othman M R, Tan S C, Bhatia S. Separability of carbon dioxide from methane using MFI zeolite-silica film deposited on gamma-alumina support. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2009, 121(1−3): 138–144

[159] Sebastián V, Kumakiri I, Bredesen R. . Zeolite membrane for CO₂ removal: Operating at high pressure. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 292(1−2): 92–97

[160] Aroua M K, Daud W M A W, Yin C Y. . Adsorption capacities of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and methane on carbon molecular basket derived from polyethyleneimine impregnation on microporous palm shell activated carbon. Separation and Purification Technology, 2008, 62(3): 609–613

[161] Riboldi L, Bolland O. Overview on pressure swing adsorption (PSA) as CO₂ capture technology: State-of-the-art, limits and potentials. Energy Procedia, 2017, 114: 2390–2400

[162] Harlick P J E, Tezel F H. An experimental adsorbent screening study for CO₂ removal from N₂. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2004, 76(1−3): 71–79

[163] Liu Z, Grande C A, Li P. . Multi-bed vacuum pressure swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capture from flue gas. Separation and Purification Technology, 2011, 81(3): 307–317

[164] Merel J, Clausse M, Meunier F. Experimental investigation on CO₂ post-combustion capture by indirect thermal swing adsorption using 13X and 5A zeolites. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2008, 47(1): 209–215

[165] Sumida K, Rogow D L, Mason J A. . Carbon dioxide capture in metal-organic frameworks. Chemical Reviews, 2012, 112(2): 724–781

[166] Casas N, Schell J, Blom R. . MOF and UiO-67/MCM-41 adsorbents for pre-combustion CO₂ capture by PSA: Breakthrough experiments and process design. Separation and Purification Technology, 2013, 112: 34–48

[167] Reynolds S P, Ebner A D, Ritter J A. Stripping PSA cycles for CO₂ recovery from flue gas at high temperature using a hydrotalcite-like adsorbent. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45(12): 4278–4294

[168] SircarSGoldenT C. Pressure swing adsorption technology for hydrogen production. In: Liu K, Song C, Subramani V, eds. Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009, 414–450

[169] Ritter J A, Ebner A D. State-of-the-art adsorption and membrane separation processes for hydrogen production in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Separation Science and Technology, 2007, 42(6): 1123–1193

[170] KohlA LNielsenR B. Introduction. In: Kohl A L, Nielsen R B, eds. Gas Purification. 5th ed. Houston: Gulf Professional Publishing, 1997, 1–39

[171] Hochgesand G D. Rectisol and purisol. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 1970, 62: 37–43

[172] Lu G Q, Diniz da Costa J C, Duke M. . Inorganic membranes for hydrogen production and purification: A critical review and perspective. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2007, 314(2): 589–603

[173] Adhikari S, Fernando S. Hydrogen membrane separation techniques. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45(3): 875–881

[174] Ockwig N W, Nenoff T M. Membranes for hydrogen separation. Chemical Reviews, 2007, 107(10): 4078–4110

[175] Van de Graaf T, Overland I, Scholten D. . The new oil? The geopolitics and international governance of hydrogen. energy Research & Social Science, 2020, 70: 101667

[176] GlobalCCS Institute. Global status and CCS report: 2019. 2023-6-28, available at website of Global CCS Institute

[177] Dou B, Wu K, Zhang H. . Sorption-enhanced chemical looping steam reforming of glycerol with CO₂ in-situ capture and utilization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 452(4): 139703

[178] Ren R, Dou B, Zhang H. . Syngas production from CO₂ reforming of glycerol by mesoporous Ni/CeO₂ catalysts. Fuel, 2023, 341: 127717

[179] Dou B, Zhang H, Cui G. . Hydrogen production by sorption-enhanced chemical looping steam reforming of ethanol in an alternating fixed-bed reactor: Sorbent to catalyst ratio dependencies. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 155: 243–252

[180] Gonzalez-Diaz A, Jiang L, Gonzalez-Diaz M O. . Hydrogen production via ammonia from methane integrated with enhanced oil recovery: A techno-economic analysis. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021, 9(2): 105050

[181] Katebah M, Al-Rawashdeh M, Linke P. Analysis of hydrogen production costs in steam-methane reforming considering integration with electrolysis and CO₂ capture. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2022, 10: 100552

[182] Meerman J C, Hamborg E S, van Keulen T. . Techno-economic assessment of CO₂ capture at steam methane reforming facilities using commercially available technology. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2012, 9: 160–171

[183] Collodi G. Hydrogen production via steam reforming with CO₂ capture. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2010, 19: 37–42

[184] Yang H, Kaczur J J, Sajjad S D. . Electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to formic acid utilizing Sustainion^TM membranes. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2017, 20: 208–217

[185] Mukherjee A, Okolie J A, Abdelrasoul A. . Review of post-combustion carbon dioxide capture technologies using activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2019, 83: 46–63

[186] IrabienAAlvarez-GuerraMAlboJ, . Electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to value-added products. In: Martínez-Huitle C A, Rodrigo M A, Scialdone O, eds. Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment. Butterworth: Heinemann, 2018, 29–59

[187] Verma S, Kim B, Jhong H R M. . A gross-margin model for defining technoeconomic benchmarks in the electroreduction of CO₂. ChemSusChem, 2016, 9(15): 1972–1979

[188] Jouny M, Luc W, Jiao F. General techno-economic analysis of CO₂ electrolysis systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018, 57(6): 2165–2177

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press 2023