Metal-organic frameworks for CO₂ photoreduction

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention because of their large surface areas, tunable structures, and potential applications in many areas. In recent years, MOFs have shown much promise in CO₂ photoreduction. This review summarized recent research progresses in MOF-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic reduction of CO₂. Besides, it discussed strategies in rational design of MOF-based photocatalysts (functionalized pristine MOFs, MOF-photosensitizer, MOF-semiconductor, MOF-metal, and MOF-carbon materials composites) with enhanced performance on CO₂ reduction. Moreover, it explored challenges and outlook on using MOF-based photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction.

Keywords

metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) / photocatalysis / CO₂ photoreduction / composite

References

[1] Pearson P N, Palmer M R. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years. Nature, 2000, 406(6797): 406695

[2] Quadrelli R, Peterson S. The energy–climate challenge: recent trends in CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion. Energy Policy, 2007, 35(11): 5938–5952

[3] Song C. CO₂ conversion and utilization: an overview. In: Song C, eds. CO₂ Conversion and Utilization. Washington, DC: ACS Symposium Series, 2002, 809, 2–30

[4] Herzog H J, Drake E M. Carbon dioxide recovery and disposal from large energy systems. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 1996, 21(1): 145–166

[5] Muradov N. Industrial Utilization of CO₂: A Win–Win Solution. New York: Springer New York, 2014, 325–383

[6] Rafiee A, Rajab Khalilpour K, Milani D, Panahi M. Trends in CO₂ conversion and utilization: a review from process systems perspective. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2018, 6(5): 5771–5794

[7] Wang B, Chen W, Song Y, Li G, Wei W, Fang J, Sun Y. Recent progress in the photocatalytic reduction of aqueous carbon dioxide. Catalysis Today, 2018, 311: 23–39

[8] Yu Y, Zheng W, Cao Y. TiO₂–Pd/C composited photocatalyst with improved photocatalytic activity for photoreduction of CO₂ into CH₄. New Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 41(8): 3204–3210

[9] Sneddon G, Greenaway A, Yiu H H P. The potential applications of nanoporous materials for the adsorption, separation, and catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide. Advanced Energy Materials, 2014, 4(10): 1301873

[10] North M, Pasquale R, Young C. Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO₂. Green Chemistry, 2010, 12(9): 1514–1539

[11] Li W, Wang H, Jiang X, Zhu J, Liu Z, Guo X, Song C. A short review of recent advances in CO₂ hydrogenation to hydrocarbons over heterogeneous catalysts. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(14): 7651–7669

[12] Raciti D, Wang C. Recent advances in CO₂ reduction electrocatalysis on copper. ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3(7): 1545–1556

[13] Tahir M, Amin N S. Advances in visible light responsive titanium oxide-based photocatalysts for CO₂ conversion to hydrocarbon fuels. Energy Conversion and Management, 2013, 76: 194–214

[14] Matsubara Y, Grills D C, Kuwahara Y. Thermodynamic aspects of electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction in acetonitrile and with an ionic liquid as solvent or electrolyte. ACS Catalysis, 2015, 5(11): 6440–6452

[15] Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature, 1972, 238(5358): 23837

[16] Wang M, Ioccozia J, Sun L, Lin C, Lin Z. Inorganic-modified semiconductor TiO₂ nanotube arrays for photocatalysis. Energy & Environmental Science, 2014, 7(7): 2182–2202

[17] Bao N, Shen L, Takata T, Domen K. Self-templated synthesis of nanoporous CdS nanostructures for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light. Chemistry of Materials, 2008, 20(1): 110–117

[18] Ong C B, Ng L Y, Mohammad A W. A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: synthesis, mechanisms and applications. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 81: 536–551

[19] Lee G J, Wu J J. Recent developments in ZnS photocatalysts from synthesis to photocatalytic applications—a review. Powder Technology, 2017, 318: 8–22

[20] Mishra M, Chun D M. α-Fe₂O₃ as a photocatalytic material: a review. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2015, 498: 126–141

[21] Wen J, Xie J, Chen X, Li X. A review on g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts. Applied Surface Science, 2017, 391: 72–123

[22] Luo L, Li Y, Hou J, Yang Y. Visible photocatalysis and photostability of Ag₃PO₄ photocatalyst. Applied Surface Science, 2014, 319: 332–338

[23] Dong C, Lian C, Hu S, Deng Z, Gong J, Li M, Liu H, Xing M, Zhang J. Size-dependent activity and selectivity of carbon dioxide photocatalytic reduction over platinum nanoparticles. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1252

[24] Xing M, Zhou Y, Dong C, Cai L, Zeng L, Shen B, Pan L, Dong C, Chai Y, Zhang J, Yin Y. Modulation of the reduction potential of TiO_2–x by fluorination for efficient and selective CH₄ generation from CO₂ photoreduction. Nano Letters, 2018, 18(6): 3384–3390

[25] Zhang H, Liu G, Shi L, Liu H, Wang T, Ye J. Engineering coordination polymers for photocatalysis. Nano Energy, 2016, 22: 149–168

[26] Meissner D, Memming R, Kastening B. Photoelectrochemistry of cadmium sulfide. 1. Reanalysis of photocorrosion and flat-band potential. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1988, 92(12): 3476–3483

[27] Bahnemann D W, Kormann C, Hoffmann M R. Preparation and characterization of quantum size zinc oxide: a detailed spectroscopic study. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1987, 91(14): 3789–3798

[28] Zhang L, Hu Y H. Desorption of dimethylformamide from Zn₄O(C₈H₄O₄)₃ framework. Applied Surface Science, 2011, 257(8): 3392–3398

[29] Hu Y H, Zhang L. Amorphization of metal-organic framework MOF-5 at unusually low applied pressure. Physical Review. B, 2010, 81(17): 174103

[30] Zhang L, Hu Y H. A systematic investigation of decomposition of nano Zn₄O(C₈H₄O₄)₃ metal-organic framework. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114(6): 2566–2572

[31] Zhang L, Hu Y H. Strong effects of higher-valent cations on the structure of the zeolitic Zn(2-methylimidazole)₂ framework (ZIF-8). Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011, 115(16): 7967–7971

[32] Zhang L, Hu Y H. Structure distortion of Zn₄O₁₃C₂₄H₁₂ framework (MOF-5). Materials Science and Engineering B, 2011, 176(7): 573–578

[33] Zhang L, Hu Y H. Observation of ZnO nanoparticles outside pores of nano Zn₄O(C₈H₄O₄)₃ metal–organic framework. Physics Letters [Part A], 2011, 375(13): 1514–1517

[34] Loera-Serna S, Zarate-Rubio J, Medina-Velazquez D Y, Zhang L, Ortiz E. Encapsulation of urea and caffeine in Cu₃(BTC)₂ metal–organic framework. Surface Innovations, 2016, 4(2): 76–87

[35] Hu Y H, Zhang L. Hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks. Advanced Materials, 2010, 22(20): E117–E130

[36] Zhang T, Lin W. Metal–organic frameworks for artificial photosynthesis and photocatalysis. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, 43(16): 5982–5993

[37] Wu M X, Yang Y W. Metal–organic framework (MOF)-based drug/cargo delivery and cancer therapy. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(23): 1606134

[38] Chowdhury T, Zhang L, Zhang J, Aggarwal S. Removal of arsenic(III) from aqueous solution using metal organic framework-graphene oxide nanocomposite. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2018, 8(12): 1062

[39] Kreno L E, Leong K, Farha O K, Allendorf M, Van Duyne R P, Hupp J T. Metal–organic framework materials as chemical sensors. Chemical Reviews, 2012, 112(2): 1105–1125

[40] Wang Y, Huang N Y, Shen J Q, Liao P Q, Chen X M, Zhang J P. Hydroxide ligands cooperate with catalytic centers in metal–organic frameworks for efficient photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(1): 38–41

[41] He J, Zhang Y, He J, Zeng X, Hou X, Long Z. Enhancement of photoredox catalytic properties of porphyrinic metal–organic frameworks based on titanium incorporation via post-synthetic modification. Chemical Communications, 2018, 54(62): 8610–8613

[42] Horiuchi Y, Toyao T, Saito M, Mochizuki K, Iwata M, Higashimura H, Anpo M, Matsuoka M. Visible-light-promoted photocatalytic hydrogen production by using an amino-functionalized Ti(IV) metal–organic framework. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2012, 116(39): 20848–20853

[43] Maina J W, Pozo-Gonzalo C, Kong L, Schütz J, Hill M, Dumée L F. Metal organic framework based catalysts for CO₂ conversion. Materials Horizons, 2017, 4(3): 345–361

[44] Nasalevich M A, Goesten M G, Savenije T J, Kapteijn F, Gascon J. Enhancing optical absorption of metal–organic frameworks for improved visible light photocatalysis. Chemical Communications, 2013, 49(90): 10575–10577

[45] Jiang D, Mallat T, Krumeich F, Baiker A. Copper-based metal-organic framework for the facile ring-opening of epoxides. Journal of Catalysis, 2008, 257(2): 390–395

[46] Hasegawa S, Horike S, Matsuda R, Furukawa S, Mochizuki K, Kinoshita Y, Kitagawa S. Three-dimensional porous coordination polymer functionalized with amide groups based on tridentate ligand: selective sorption and catalysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129(9): 2607–2614

[47] Wang J L, Wang C, Lin W. Metal–organic frameworks for light harvesting and photocatalysis. ACS Catalysis, 2012, 2(12): 2630–2640

[48] Llabrés i Xamena F X, Casanova O, Galiasso Tailleur R, Garcia H, Corma A. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts: a combination of Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺ MOFs as an efficient catalyst for tetralin oxidation. Journal of Catalysis, 2008, 255(2): 220–227

[49] Llabrés i Xamena F X, Corma A, Garcia H. Applications for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as quantum dot semiconductors. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(1): 80–85

[50] Gao J, Miao J, Li P Z, Teng W Y, Yang L, Zhao Y, Liu B, Zhang Q. A p-type Ti(iv)-based metal–organic framework with visible-light photo-response. Chemical Communications, 2014, 50(29): 3786–3788

[51] Shen L, Liang S, Wu W, Liang R, Wu L. CdS-decorated UiO-66(NH₂) nanocomposites fabricated by a facile photodeposition process: an efficient and stable visible-light-driven photocatalyst for selective oxidation of alcohols. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, 2013, 1(37): 11473–11482

[52] Ryu U J, Kim S J, Lim H K, Kim H, Choi K M, Kang J K. Synergistic interaction of Re complex and amine functionalized multiple ligands in metal-organic frameworks for conversion of carbon dioxide. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 612

[53] Fu Y, Sun D, Chen Y, Huang R, Ding Z, Fu X, Li Z. An amine-functionalized titanium metal–organic framework photocatalyst with visible-light-induced activity for CO₂ reduction. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2012, 51(14): 3364–3367

[54] Yan S, Ouyang S, Xu H, Zhao M, Zhang X, Ye J. Co-ZIF-9/TiO₂ nanostructure for superior CO₂ photoreduction activity. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, 2016, 4(39): 15126–15133

[55] Su Y, Zhang Z, Liu H, Wang Y. Cd_0.2Zn_0.8S@UiO-66–NH₂ nanocomposites as efficient and stable visible-light-driven photocatalyst for H₂ evolution and CO₂ reduction. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 200: 448–457

[56] Liu S, Chen F, Li S, Peng X, Xiong Y. Enhanced photocatalytic conversion of greenhouse gas CO₂ into solar fuels over g-C₃N₄ nanotubes with decorated transparent ZIF-8 nanoclusters. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 211: 1–10

[57] Wang S, Yao W, Lin J, Ding Z, Wang X. Cobalt imidazolate metal–organic frameworks photosplit CO₂ under mild reaction conditions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2014, 53(4): 1034–1038

[58] Fei H, Sampson M D, Lee Y, Kubiak C P, Cohen S M. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to formate using a Mn(I) molecular catalyst in a robust metal–organic framework. Inorganic Chemistry, 2015, 54(14): 6821–6828

[59] Qin J, Wang S, Wang X. Visible-light reduction CO₂ with dodecahedral zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-67 as an efficient co-catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 209: 476–482

[60] Huang Y B, Liang J, Wang X S, Cao R. Multifunctional metal–organic framework catalysts: synergistic catalysis and tandem reactions. Chemical Society Reviews, 2017, 46(1): 126–157

[61] Wang S, Wang X. Multifunctional metal–organic frameworks for photocatalysis. Small, 2015, 11(26): 3097–3112

[62] Yu X, Wang L, Cohen S M. Photocatalytic metal–organic frameworks for organic transformations. CrystEngComm, 2017, 19(29): 4126–4136

[63] Navarro Amador R, Carboni M, Meyer D. Photosensitive titanium and zirconium metal organic frameworks: current research and future possibilities. Materials Letters, 2016, 166: 327–338

[64] Liang Z, Qu C, Guo W, Zou R, Xu Q. Pristine metal–organic frameworks and their composites for energy storage and conversion. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(37): 1702891

[65] Sun D, Li Z. Robust Ti- and Zr-based metal-organic frameworks for photocatalysis. Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 35(2): 135–147

[66] Shen L, Liang R, Wu L. Strategies for engineering metal-organic frameworks as efficient photocatalysts. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2015, 36(12): 2071–2088

[67] Zhu J, Li P Z, Guo W, Zhao Y, Zou R. Titanium-based metal–organic frameworks for photocatalytic applications. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2018, 359: 80–101

[68] Santaclara J G, Kapteijn F, Gascon J, van der Veen M A. Understanding metal–organic frameworks for photocatalytic solar fuel production. CrystEngComm, 2017, 19(29): 4118–4125

[69] Nasalevich M A, van der Veen M, Kapteijn F, Gascon J. Metal–organic frameworks as heterogeneous photocatalysts: advantages and challenges. CrystEngComm, 2014, 16(23): 4919–4926

[70] Song F, Li W, Sun Y. Metal–organic frameworks and their derivatives for photocatalytic water splitting. Inorganics, 2017, 5(3): 40

[71] Wang W, Xu X, Zhou W, Shao Z. Recent progress in metal-organic frameworks for applications in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water splitting. Advancement of Science, 2017, 4(4): 1600371

[72] Yan Y, He T, Zhao B, Qi K, Liu H, Xia B Y. Metal/covalent–organic frameworks-based electrocatalysts for water splitting. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, 2018, 6(33): 15905–15926

[73] Meyer K, Ranocchiari M, van Bokhoven J A. Metal organic frameworks for photo-catalytic water splitting. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(7): 1923–1937

[74] Pi Y, Li X, Xia Q, Wu J, Li Y, Xiao J, Li Z. Adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in water by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 337: 351–371

[75] Wu Z, Yuan X, Zhang J, Wang H, Jiang L, Zeng G. Photocatalytic decontamination of wastewater containing organic dyes by metal–organic frameworks and their derivatives. ChemCatChem, 2017, 9(1): 41–64

[76] Wang C C, Li J R, Lv X L, Zhang Y Q, Guo G. Photocatalytic organic pollutants degradation in metal–organic frameworks. Energy & Environmental Science, 2014, 7(9): 2831–2867

[77] Jiang D, Xu P, Wang H, Zeng G, Huang D, Chen M, Lai C, Zhang C, Wan J, Xue W. Strategies to improve metal organic frameworks photocatalyst’s performance for degradation of organic pollutants. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2018, 376: 449–466

[78] Dhakshinamoorthy A, Li Z, Garcia H. Catalysis and photocatalysis by metal organic frameworks. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47(22): 8134–8172

[79] Zhu B, Zou R, Xu Q. Metal–organic framework based catalysts for hydrogen evolution. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8(24): 1801193

[80] Fang Y, Ma Y, Zheng M, Yang P, Asiri A M, Wang X. Metal–organic frameworks for solar energy conversion by photoredox catalysis. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2018, 373: 83–115

[81] Chen Y, Wang D, Deng X, Li Z. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2017, 7(21): 4893–4904

[82] Li Y, Xu H, Ouyang S, Ye J. Metal–organic frameworks for photocatalysis. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016, 18(11): 7563–7572

[83] Li R, Zhang W, Zhou K. Metal–organic-framework-based catalysts for photoreduction of CO₂. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(35): 1705512

[84] Wang C C, Zhang Y Q, Li J, Wang P. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction in metal–organic frameworks: a mini review. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2015, 1083: 127–136

[85] Qiu J, Zhang X, Feng Y, Zhang X, Wang H, Yao J. Modified metal-organic frameworks as photocatalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2018, 231: 317–342

[86] Gascon J, Hernández-Alonso M D, Almeida A R, van Klink G P M, Kapteijn F, Mul G. Isoreticular MOFs as efficient photocatalysts with tunable band gap: an operando FTIR study of the photoinduced oxidation of propylene. ChemSusChem, 2008, 1(12): 981–983

[87] Barkhordarian A A, Kepert C J. Two new porous UiO-66-type zirconium frameworks: open aromatic N-donor sites and their post-synthetic methylation and metallation. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, 2017, 5(11): 5612–5618

[88] Hendon C H, Tiana D, Fontecave M, Sanchez C, D’arras L, Sassoye C, Rozes L, Mellot-Draznieks C, Walsh A. Engineering the optical response of the Titanium-MIL-125 metal–organic framework through ligand functionalization. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(30): 10942–10945

[89] Pham H Q, Mai T, Pham-Tran N N, Kawazoe Y, Mizuseki H, Nguyen-Manh D. Engineering of band gap in metal–organic frameworks by functionalizing organic linker: a systematic density functional theory investigation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014, 118(9): 4567–4577

[90] Yang H, He X W, Wang F, Kang Y, Zhang J. Doping copper into ZIF-67 for enhancing gas uptake capacity and visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic dye. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22(41): 21849–21851

[91] Yang L M, Fang G Y, Ma J, Pushpa R, Ganz E. Halogenated MOF-5 variants show new configuration, tunable band gaps and enhanced optical response in the visible and near infrared. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016, 18(47): 32319–32330

[92] Nguyen H L, Vu T T, Le D, Doan T L H, Nguyen V Q, Phan N T S. A Titanium–organic framework: engineering of the band-gap energy for photocatalytic property enhancement. ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7(1): 338–342

[93] Sun D, Fu Y, Liu W, Ye L, Wang D, Yang L, Fu X, Li Z. Studies on photocatalytic CO₂ reduction over NH₂-Uio-66(Zr) and its derivatives: towards a better understanding of photocatalysis on metal–organic frameworks. Chemistry–A European Journal, 2013, 19(42): 14279–14285

[94] Lee Y, Kim S, Kang J K, Cohen S M. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction by a mixed metal (Zr/Ti), mixed ligand metal–organic framework under visible light irradiation. Chemical Communications, 2015, 51(26): 5735–5738

[95] Wang D, Huang R, Liu W, Sun D, Li Z. Fe-based MOFs for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction: role of coordination unsaturated sites and dual excitation pathways. ACS Catalysis, 2014, 4(12): 4254–4260

[96] Sun D, Liu W, Qiu M, Zhang Y, Li Z. Introduction of a mediator for enhancing photocatalytic performance via post-synthetic metal exchange in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Chemical Communications, 2015, 51(11): 2056–2059

[97] Liu J, Fan Y Z, Li X, Wei Z, Xu Y W, Zhang L, Su C Y. A porous rhodium(III)-porphyrin metal-organic framework as an efficient and selective photocatalyst for CO₂ reduction. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2018, 231: 173–181

[98] Sadeghi N, Sharifnia S, Sheikh Arabi M.A porphyrin-based metal organic framework for high rate photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄ in gas phase. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2016, 16: 450–457

[99] Liu Y, Yang Y, Sun Q, Wang Z, Huang B, Dai Y, Qin X, Zhang X. Chemical adsorption enhanced CO₂ capture and photoreduction over a copper porphyrin based metal organic framework. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5(15): 7654–7658

[100] Zhang H, Wei J, Dong J, Liu G, Shi L, An P, Zhao G, Kong J, Wang X, Meng X, Zhang J, Ye J. Efficient visible-light-driven carbon dioxide reduction by a single-atom implanted metal–organic framework. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2016, 55(46): 14310–14314

[101] Xu H Q, Hu J, Wang D, Li Z, Zhang Q, Luo Y, Yu S H, Jiang H L. Visible-light photoreduction of CO₂ in a metal–organic framework: boosting electron–hole separation via electron trap states. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(42): 13440–13443

[102] Yan Z H, Du M H, Liu J, Jin S, Wang C, Zhuang G L, Kong X J, Long L S, Zheng L S. Photo-generated dinuclear {Eu(II)}₂ active sites for selective CO₂ reduction in a photosensitizing metal-organic framework. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 3353

[103] Wang C, Xie Z, deKrafft K E, Lin W. Doping metal–organic frameworks for water oxidation, carbon dioxide reduction, and organic photocatalysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(34): 13445–13454

[104] Huang R, Peng Y, Wang C, Shi Z, Lin W. A rhenium-functionalized metal–organic framework as a single-site catalyst for photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2016, 2016(27): 4358–4362

[105] Chambers M B, Wang X, Elgrishi N, Hendon C H, Walsh A, Bonnefoy J, Canivet J, Quadrelli E A, Farrusseng D, Mellot-Draznieks C, Fontecave M. Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction with rhodium-based catalysts in solution and heterogenized within metal–organic frameworks. ChemSusChem, 2015, 8(4): 603–608

[106] Sun D, Gao Y, Fu J, Zeng X, Chen Z, Li Z. Construction of a supported Ru complex on bifunctional MOF-253 for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction under visible light. Chemical Communications, 2015, 51(13): 2645–2648

[107] Li L, Zhang S, Xu L, Wang J, Shi L X, Chen Z N, Hong M, Luo J. Effective visible-light driven CO₂ photoreduction via a promising bifunctional iridium coordination polymer. Chemical Science (Cambridge), 2014, 5(10): 3808–3813

[108] Zhang S, Li L, Zhao S, Sun Z, Hong M, Luo J. Hierarchical metal–organic framework nanoflowers for effective CO₂ transformation driven by visible light. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, 2015, 3(30): 15764–15768

[109] Zhang S, Li L, Zhao S, Sun Z, Luo J. Construction of interpenetrated ruthenium metal–organic frameworks as stable photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction. Inorganic Chemistry, 2015, 54(17): 8375–8379

[110] Lee Y, Kim S, Fei H, Kang J K, Cohen S M. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction using visible light by metal-monocatecholato species in a metal–organic framework. Chemical Communications, 2015, 51(92): 16549–16552

[111] Chen D, Xing H, Wang C, Su Z. Highly efficient visible-light-driven CO₂ reduction to formate by a new anthracene-based zirconium MOF via dual catalytic routes. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, 2016, 4(7): 2657–2662

[112] Schaate A, Roy P, Godt A, Lippke J, Waltz F, Wiebcke M, Behrens P. Modulated synthesis of Zr-based metal–organic frameworks: from nano to single crystals. Chemistry–A European Journal, 2011, 17(24): 6643–6651

[113] Gomes  Silva C, Luz I, Llabrés i Xamena F X, Corma A, García H. Water stable Zr–benzenedicarboxylate metal–organic frameworks as photocatalysts for hydrogen generation. Chemistry– A European Journal, 2010, 16(36): 11133–11138

[114] Cavka J H, Jakobsen S, Olsbye U, Guillou N, Lamberti C, Bordiga S, Lillerud K P. A new zirconium inorganic building brick forming metal organic frameworks with exceptional stability. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008, 130(42): 13850–13851

[115] Mondloch J E, Katz M J, Planas N, Semrouni D, Gagliardi L, Hupp J T, Farha O K. Are Zr₆-based MOFs water stable? Linker hydrolysis vs. capillary-force-driven channel collapse. Chemical Communications, 2014, 50(64): 8944–8946

[116] Wang C C, Du X D, Li J, Guo X X, Wang P, Zhang J. Photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction in metal-organic frameworks: a mini-review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 193: 198–216

[117] Dean J A. Lange’s handbook of chemistry. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 1990, 5(4): 687–688

[118] Laurier K G M, Vermoortele F, Ameloot R, De Vos D E, Hofkens J, Roeffaers M B J. Iron(III)-based metal–organic frameworks as visible light photocatalysts. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(39): 14488–14491

[119] Torrisi A, Bell R G, Mellot-Draznieks C. Functionalized MOFs for enhanced CO₂ capture. Crystal Growth & Design, 2010, 10(7): 2839–2841

[120] Torrisi A, Mellot-Draznieks C, Bell R G. Impact of ligands on CO₂ adsorption in metal-organic frameworks: first principles study of the interaction of CO₂ with functionalized benzenes. II. Effect of polar and acidic substituents. Journal of Chemical Physics, 2010, 132(4): 044705

[121] Tamaki Y, Morimoto T, Koike K, Ishitani O. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction with high turnover frequency and selectivity of formic acid formation using Ru(II) multinuclear complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012, 109(39): 15673–15678

[122] Sato S, Morikawa T, Kajino T, Ishitani O. A highly efficient mononuclear iridium complex photocatalyst for CO₂ reduction under visible light. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2013, 52(3): 988–992

[123] Kuramochi Y, Kamiya M, Ishida H. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction in N,N-dimethylacetamide/water as an alternative solvent system. Inorganic Chemistry, 2014, 53(7): 3326–3332

[124] Huang Z, Dong P, Zhang Y, Nie X, Wang X, Zhang X.A ZIF-8 decorated TiO₂ grid-like film with high CO₂ adsorption for CO₂ photoreduction. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2018, 24, 369–375

[125] Cardoso J C, Stulp S, de Brito J F, Flor J B S, Frem R C G, Zanoni M V B. MOFs based on ZIF-8 deposited on TiO₂ nanotubes increase the surface adsorption of CO₂ and its photoelectrocatalytic reduction to alcohols in aqueous media. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2018, 225: 563–573

[126] Li R, Hu J, Deng M, Wang H, Wang X, Hu Y, Jiang H L, Jiang J, Zhang Q, Xie Y, Xiong Y. Integration of an inorganic semiconductor with a metal–organic framework: a platform for enhanced gaseous photocatalytic reactions. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(28): 4783–4788

[127] He X, Gan Z, Fisenko S, Wang D, El-Kaderi H M, Wang W N. Rapid formation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based nanocomposites in microdroplets and their applications for CO₂ photoreduction. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(11): 9688–9698

[128] Wang M, Wang D, Li Z. Self-assembly of CPO-27-Mg/TiO₂ nanocomposite with enhanced performance for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 183: 47–52

[129] Crake A, Christoforidis K C, Kafizas A, Zafeiratos S, Petit C. CO₂ capture and photocatalytic reduction using bifunctional TiO₂/MOF nanocomposites under UV–vis irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 210: 131–140

[130] Wang S, Wang X. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction by CdS promoted with a zeolitic imidazolate framework. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015, 162: 494–500

[131] Wang S, Lin J, Wang X. Semiconductor–redox catalysis promoted by metal–organic frameworks for CO₂ reduction. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2014, 16(28): 14656–14660

[132] Shi L, Wang T, Zhang H, Chang K, Ye J. Electrostatic self-assembly of nanosized carbon nitride nanosheet onto a zirconium metal–organic framework for enhanced photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 25(33): 5360–5367

[133] Xu G, Zhang H, Wei J, Zhang H X, Wu X, Li Y, Li C, Zhang J, Ye J. Integrating the g-C₃N₄ Nanosheet with B–H bonding decorated metal–organic framework for CO₂ activation and photoreduction. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(6): 5333–5340

[134] Liu Q, Low Z X, Li L, Razmjou A, Wang K, Yao J, Wang H. ZIF-8/Zn₂GeO₄ nanorods with an enhanced CO₂ adsorption property in an aqueous medium for photocatalytic synthesis of liquid fuel. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, 2013, 1(38): 11563–11569

[135] Sun D, Liu W, Fu Y, Fang Z, Sun F, Fu X, Zhang Y, Li Z. Noble metals can have different effects on photocatalysis over metal–organic frameworks (MOFs): a case study on M/NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) (M=Pt and Au). Chemistry–A European Journal, 2014, 20(16): 4780–4788

[136] Fu Y, Yang H, Du R, Tu G, Xu C, Zhang F, Fan M, Zhu W. Enhanced photocatalytic CO₂ reduction over Co-doped NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) under visible light. RSC Advances, 2017, 7(68): 42819–42825

[137] Choi K M, Kim D, Rungtaweevoranit B, Trickett C A, Barmanbek J T D, Alshammari A S, Yang P, Yaghi O M. Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic CO₂ conversion within metal–organic frameworks under visible light. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(1): 356–362

[138] Wang X, Zhao X, Zhang D, Li G, Li H. Microwave irradiation induced UIO-66–NH₂ anchored on graphene with high activity for photocatalytic reduction of CO₂. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2018, 228: 47–53

[139] Sadeghi N, Sharifnia S, Do T O. Enhanced CO₂ photoreduction by a graphene–porphyrin metal–organic framework under visible light irradiation. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, 2018, 6(37): 18031–18035

[140] Pipelzadeh E, Rudolph V, Hanson G, Noble C, Wang L. Photoreduction of CO₂ on ZIF-8/TiO₂ nanocomposites in a gaseous photoreactor under pressure swing. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 218: 672–678

[141] Chaudhary Y S, Woolerton T W, Allen C S, Warner J H, Pierce E, Ragsdale S W, Armstrong F A. Visible light-driven CO₂ reduction by enzyme coupled CdS nanocrystals. Chemical Communications, 2012, 48(1): 58–60

[142] Liu B J, Torimoto T, Yoneyama H. Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ using surface-modified CdS photocatalysts in organic solvents. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 1998, 113(1): 93–97

[143] Fujiwara H, Hosokawa H, Murakoshi K, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Okada T, Kobayashi H. Effect of surface structures on photocatalytic CO₂ reduction using quantized CdS nanocrystallites. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 1997, 101(41): 8270–8278

[144] Nguyen N T, Altomare M, Yoo J, Schmuki P. Efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution: controlled dewetting–dealloying to fabricate site-selective high-activity nanoporous Au particles on highly ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(20): 3208–3215

[145] Bouhadoun S, Guillard C, Dapozze F, Singh S, Amans D, Bouclé J, Herlin-Boime N. One step synthesis of N-doped and Au-loaded TiO₂ nanoparticles by laser pyrolysis: application in photocatalysis. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015, 174–175: 367–375

[146] Wu H J, Henzie J, Lin W C, Rhodes C, Li Z, Sartorel E, Thorner J, Yang P, Groves J T. Membrane-protein binding measured with solution-phase plasmonic nanocube sensors. Nature Methods, 2012, 9(12): 91189

[147] Tao A, Sinsermsuksakul P, Yang P. Polyhedral silver nanocrystals with distinct scattering signatures. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2006, 45(28): 4597–4601

[148] Han B, Ou X, Deng Z, Song Y, Tian C, Deng H, Xu Y J, Lin Z. Nickel metal–organic framework monolayers for photoreduction of diluted CO₂: metal-node-dependent activity and selectivity. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2018, 57(51): 16811–16815

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature