中国的大量燃煤锅炉为了控制NO_x的排放而采用混煤的低NO_x燃烧技术。因此，研究人员有必要研究混合煤燃烧过程中NO_x和H₂S的形成机理。本文着重研究混合煤燃烧过程中还原区NO_x和H₂S形成过程中的还原性气体。准东（ZD）和商品（GE）煤及其不同混合比的混煤在1200°C至1400°C的沉降炉中进行实验，空气过量比为0.6-1.2。在不同的实验条件下，针对不同的混合比，对富燃料区的煤转化率，CO，H₂S和NO_x的沿程特征进行了详细研究。我们发现将ZD掺入GE不仅可以提高煤炭转化率，而且可以随着NO还原速度的加快而提高CO和H₂S的浓度。伴随煤的燃烧，CO和H₂S浓度都随燃烧温度的升高和过量空气比的降低而增加。根据积累的实验数据，一个有意义的发现是，混煤燃烧产生的NO和H₂S几乎直接取决于CO浓度，混煤燃烧的CO浓度取决于焦炭气化转化率。因此，通过焦炭气化动力学可以很好地预测混合煤燃烧产生的CO，NO_x和H₂S的沿程特征。

In the process of pyrolysis and combustion of coal particles, coal structure evolution will be affected by the ash behavior, which will further affect the char reactivity, especially in the ash melting temperature zone. Lu’an bituminous char and ash samples were prepared at the N₂ and air atmospheres respectively across ash melting temperature. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of char and ash. The specific surface area (SSA) analyzer and thermogravimetric analyzer were respectively adopted to obtain the pore structure characteristics of the coal chars and combustion parameters. Besides, an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was applied to investigate the graphitization degree of coal chars prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures. The SEM results indicated that the number density and physical dimension of ash spheres exuded from the char particles both gradually increased with the increasing temperature, thus the coalescence of ash spheres could be observed obviously above 1100°C. Some flocculent materials appeared on the surface of the char particles at 1300°C, and it could be speculated that β-Si₃N₄ was generated in the pyrolysis process under N₂. The SSA of the chars decreased with the increasing pyrolysis temperature. Inside the char particles, the micropore area and its proportion in the SSA also declined as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Furthermore, the constantly increasing pyrolysis temperature also caused the reactivity of char decrease, which is consistent with the results obtained by XRD. The higher combustion temperature resulted in the lower porosity and more fragments of the ash.

本文利用实验室级别的循环流化床(CFB)系统，研究了CFB纯燃准东煤时烟道内受热面上的沉积灰矿物组成和微观形貌特征，并探究了掺烧10wt%和20wt%油页岩半焦对其的影响。为模拟烟道受热面上的灰沉积过程，该系统的烟道内安装了1个垂直(P1)放置和1个水平(P2)放置的取样探针。利用扫描电镜耦合能谱仪(SEM-EDX)，X射线衍射仪(XRD)，电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)和粒度分析仪对取样探针上的迎风面(P1W, P2W)和背风面(P1L, P2W)沉积灰进行了详细表征。研究发现，当CFB纯燃准东煤时，P1W沉积灰富含CaSO₄和Na₂SiO₃且灰颗粒已经通过烧结形成聚团(<30 μm)。然而，P1L和P2W沉积灰由矿物组成相似但粒径更粗的颗粒或团聚体组成。另外，P2L沉积灰主要由细灰组成，且Na₂SiO₃和Na₂SO₄矿物较少。掺烧油页岩半焦后，P1W和P1L上沉积灰中的团聚体显著降低。此时，SiO₂和Ca/Na铝硅酸盐成为沉积灰的主要矿物相，而Na₂SiO₃和Na₂SO₄消失，沉积灰的粘性因此降低。同样，P2W沉积灰较少的覆盖在取样枪上，表明灰颗粒的沉积倾向降低。这是因为P2W沉积灰中的钠基矿物转变成了高熔点(Na,K)(Si₃Al)O8和(Ca,Na)(Si,Al)4O8。ICP-OES分析结果表明，沉积灰中的Na含量，随着油页岩半焦的添加，从32 mg/g降至15 mg/g以下。因此，添加油页岩半焦有助于减轻准东煤CFB燃烧过程中飞灰在烟道内的受热面上的沉积倾向。

An experimental study on the ignition of single coal particles at low oxygen concentrations (X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2}<21%) was conducted using a tube furnace. The surface temperature (T_s) and the center temperature (T_c) of the coal particles were obtained from the images taken by an infrared camera and thermocouples respectively. The ignition processes were recorded by a high-speed camera at different X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} values and furnace temperatures T_w. Compared with literature experimental data obtained at a high X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} value, the ignition delay time t_i decreases more rapidly as X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} increases at the low X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} region. The responses of T_s and T_c to the variation of X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} are different: T_s decreases while T_c remains nearly constant with increasing X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} at a low X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} value. In addition, t_i is less sensitive to T_w while the ignition temperature T_i is more sensitive to T_w at a low X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} value than in air. Observations of the position of flame front evolution illustrate that the ignition of a coal particle may change from a homogeneous mode to a heterogeneous or combined ignition mode as X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} decreases. At a low X_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} value, buoyancy plays a more significant role in sweeping away the released volatiles during the ignition process.

Gasification or combustion of coal and biomass is the most important form of power generation today. However, the use of coal/biomass at high temperatures has an inherent problem related to the ash generated. The formation of ash leads to a problematic phenomenon called slagging. Slagging is the accumulation of molten ash on the walls of the furnace, gasifier, or boiler and is detrimental as it reduces the heat transfer rate, and the combustion/gasification rate of unburnt carbon, causes mechanical failure, high-temperature corrosion and on occasions, superheater explosions. To improve the gasifier/combustor facility, it is very important to understand the key ash properties, slag characteristics, viscosity and critical viscosity temperature. This paper reviews the content, compositions, and melting characteristics of ashes in differently ranked coal and biomass, and discusses the formation mechanism, characteristics, and structure of slag. In particular, this paper focuses on low-rank coal and biomass that have been receiving increased attention recently. Besides, it reviews the available methodologies and formulae for slag viscosity measurement/prediction and summarizes the current limitations and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the slagging behavior of different ranks of coal and biomass by examining the applicability of the current viscosity measurement methods to these fuels, and the viscosity prediction models and factors that affect the slag viscosity. This review shows that the existing viscosity models and slagging indices can only satisfactorily predict the viscosity and slagging propensity of high-rank coals but cannot predict the slagging propensity and slag viscosity of low-rank coal, and especially biomass ashes, even if they are limited to a particular composition only. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of an index, or a model or even a measurement method, which can predict/measure the slagging propensity and slag viscosity correctly for all low-rank coal and biomass ashes.

本文在搭建的气固两相试验台上，采用三维粒子动力学风速仪（PDA），对配备新型旋流煤粉燃烧器的29 MW煤粉工业锅炉炉内气固两相流动特性进行了实验研究。主要测量了在不同风量配比下的炉内三维空气/颗粒速度、颗粒平均粒径以及颗粒体积流量。燃烧器出口中心区域平均轴向速度及颗粒体积流量均为负，说明燃烧器出口中心区域形成了中心回流区。中心回流区内，外二次风风量越大，中心回流区内轴向速度及颗粒体积流量的绝对值越大。但改变风量配比中心回流区的尺寸基本不变。沿射流方向，三次风形成的速度峰值逐渐向燃烧器中心移动并混合，在x/d =0.7截面以后轴向速度峰值混合成一个。大粒径颗粒集中在近壁区，回流区内颗粒粒径较小。

The effects of blend ratio on combustion and pollution emission characteristics for co-combustion of Shenmu pyrolyzed semi-char (SC), i.e., residuals of the coal pyrolysis chemical processing, and Shenhua bituminous coal (SB) were investigated in a 0.35 MW pilot-scale pulverized coal-fired furnace. The gas temperature and concentrations of gaseous species (O₂, CO, CO₂, NO_x and HCN) were measured in the primary combustion zone at different blend ratios. It is found that the standoff distance of ignition changes monotonically from 132 to 384 mm with the increase in pyrolyzed semi-char blend ratio. The effects on the combustion characteristics may be neglected when the blend ratio is less than 30%. Above the 30% blend ratio, the increase in blend ratio postpones ignition in the primary stage and lowers the burnout rate. With the blend ratio increasing, NO_x emission at the furnace exit is smallest for the 30% blend ratio and highest for the 100% SC. The NO_x concentration was 425 mg/m³ at 6% O₂ and char burnout was 76.23% for the 45% blend ratio. The above results indicate that the change of standoff distance and NO_x emission were not obvious when the blend ratio of semi-char is less than 45%, and carbon burnout changed a little at all blend ratios. The goal of this study is to achieve blending combustion with a large proportion of semi-char without great changes in combustion characteristics. So, an SC blend ratio of no more than 45% can be suitable for the burning of semi-char.

煤粉燃烧过程中，部分灰在碳核表面形成灰膜，阻碍氧气扩散至颗粒表面，不利于煤燃烧，而部分灰熔融渗透至碳核内部。尽管灰显著影响煤粉燃烧特性，灰膜比例依旧未知。空心微珠由粘塑性灰分薄膜和未反应碳核形成，可通过研究空心微珠特性测定灰膜比例。灰膜比例X定义为空心微珠灰膜质量与煤粉燃烧释放灰质量之比。本文借助高温沉降炉在空气气氛下研究不同粒径黄陵烟煤在1273，1473和1673 K下的燃烧特性。借助扫描电镜（SEM）详细观测所收集空心微珠颗粒内部结构，并分析燃烧参数对灰膜比例的影响。结果显示，灰膜比例随温度和碳转化率增加而增加，随煤粉粒径增大而减小。高温下灰分形成灰膜比例相对较高，这为煤粉燃尽阶段的低反应性或者灭火提供合理的解释。煤粉动态燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例随燃烧工况变化而变化，该研究为煤焦燃烧动力学模拟灰膜比例选择提供了关键数据支撑。

A one-dimensional transient single coal particle combustion model was proposed to investigate the characteristics of single coal particle combustion in both O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ atmospheres under the fluidized bed combustion condition. The model accounted for the fuel devolatilization, moisture evaporation, heterogeneous reaction as well as homogeneous reactions integrated with the heat and mass transfer from the fluidized bed environment to the coal particle. This model was validated by comparing the model prediction with the experimental results in the literature, and a satisfactory agreement between modeling and experiments proved the reliability of the model. The modeling results demonstrated that the carbon conversion rate of a single coal particle (diameter 6 to 8 mm) under fluidized bed conditions (bed temperature 1088 K) in an O₂/CO₂ (30:70) atmosphere was promoted by the gasification reaction, which was considerably greater than that in the O₂/N₂ (30:70) atmosphere. In addition, the surface and center temperatures of the particle evolved similarly, no matter it is under the O₂/N₂ condition or the O₂/CO₂ condition. A further analysis indicated that similar trends of the temperature evolution under different atmospheres were caused by the fact that the strong heat transfer under the fluidized bed condition overwhelmingly dominated the temperature evolution rather than the heat release of the chemical reaction.

通过测量煤粉和循环流化床电站锅炉所生成烟气及固态产物中的汞含量，获得了两种燃烧方式下的汞排放特性。同时通过研究飞灰的未燃尽碳含量、颗粒粒径以及孔隙结构，获得了汞排放与飞灰吸附特性之间的构效关系。研究发现煤粉炉主要以气态汞的形式随烟气排出烟囱；进入流化床锅炉的汞则主要富集到飞灰中，并被除尘器捕集。本文构建了用于表征煤质特性对汞排放特性影响的特征参数-煤种因子，其值越大，排放到大气环境中的汞含量越小。同时还发现流化床锅炉所产生飞灰中的汞含量是煤粉炉的10倍。飞灰对汞的吸附性能随着未燃尽碳含量的升高而得到增强。飞灰的颗粒大小对吸附性能具有重要影响。当飞灰粒径介于77.5-106 µm范围内时，对汞的吸附性能最强（约为560 ng/g）。飞灰中4~6 nm范围内的介孔含量越大，则样品的汞吸附性能越强。相比比孔容积，比表面积在汞的吸附过程中可以发挥更为重要的作用。

Large eddy simulation (LES) has become a promising tool for pulverized coal combustion with the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technologies in recent years. LES can better capture the unsteady features and turbulent structures of coal jet flame than Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS). The coal-fired power plants in China are now required to be operated in a wide load range and quickly respond to the electric grid. The boiler performance of variable loads should be evaluated in terms of flow, heat transfer, and combustion processes. In this paper, LES was applied to simulate a 660 MW ultra-supercritical boiler under BMCR (boiler maximum continue rate), 75%THA-100, and 50%THA-100 conditions. The predicted gas velocities agree well with the thermal calculation and the temperature error is less than 130 K. The simulation results show that the operation load has significant effects on the boiler performance. It is also proved that LES can provide guidance for the design and operation of advanced coal-fired boilers.

Industrial-scale experiments were conducted to study the effects of tertiary air declination angle (TDA) on the coal combustion and steam temperature characteristics in the first 350-MW supercritical down-fired boiler in China with the multiple-injection and multiple-staging combustion (MIMSC) technology at medium and high loads. The experimental results indicated that as the TDA increased from 0° to 15°, the overall gas temperature in the lower furnace rose and the symmetry of temperature field was enhanced. The ignition distance of the fuel-rich coal/air flow decreased. In near-burner region, the concentration of O₂ decreased while the concentrations of CO and NO increased. The concentration of NO decreased in near-tertiary-air region. The carbon in fly ash decreased significantly from 8.40% to 6.45% at a load of 260 MW. At a TDA of 15°, the ignition distances were the shortest (2.07 m and 1.73 m) at a load of 210 MW and 260 MW, respectively. The main and reheat steam temperatures were the highest (557.2°C and 559.4°C at a load of 210 MW, 558.4°C and 560.3°C at a load of 260 MW). The carbon in fly ash was the lowest (4.83%) at a load of 210 MW. On changing the TDA from 15° to 25°, the flame kernel was found to move downward and the main and reheat steam temperatures dropped obviously. The change of TDA has little effect on NO_x emissions(660–681 mg/m³ at 6% O₂). In comprehensive consideration of the pulverized coal combustion characteristics and the unit economic performance, an optimal TDA of 15° is recommended.

作为智能电网技术的关键环节，智能配电网具有高度的设备多样性和复杂的运营模式。而旨在提升智能配电网可见性的态势感知技术将为智能配电网的稳定运行提供重要保证。但若缺乏态势觉察、理解和预测三个阶段的系统分析，可能会阻碍态势感知技术有效监视和响应智能配电网事件。为了分析态势感知技术应用于智能配电网的可行性，本文提出了一个具有特定性能指标和组合赋权方法的综合评估框架。为解决专家系统中评分模棱两可的模糊性以及智能配电网区域的部分量测数据缺失问题，采用基于改进的层次分析法的主观赋权方法和基于多目标规划方法的客观赋权方法对指标体系进行赋权，以实现智能配电网态势感知实现效果的评估。此外，以中国天津某一实际配电网区域为对象进行了案例分析，实验结果验证了本文提出的态势感知技术对于智能配电网运维系统的实用性和有效性。

粉状活性焦（粉焦）是一种良好的SO₂吸附剂，但其在制备过程中受多个因素的影响。为了在烟气氛围下利用锦界烟煤制备拥有高SO₂吸附容量的粉焦，采用响应面法对影响粉焦制备的6个参数（氧煤当量比、反应温度、反应时间、O₂浓度、CO₂浓度、H₂O (g)浓度）进行筛选和优化。因素筛选实验结果表明，反应温度、O₂浓度、H₂O (g)浓度是影响粉焦制备的主要因素。然后，利用中心复合设计建立了主要因素与SO2吸附容量之间的二次多项式回归模型。模型优化结果表明，当反应温度为904.74 ℃，O₂的浓度为4.67%，H₂O (g)浓度为27.98%时，制备粉焦具有最高的SO₂吸附容量，约为68.15 mg/g，而其实验验证值为68.82mg/g，误差为0.98%。最佳工况制备粉焦（PAC-OP）具有较发达的孔隙结构，其总比表面和总空容分别为349 m²/g和0.1475 cm³/g，显著高于商业活性炭AC1的186 m²/g和0.1041 cm³/g，AC2的132 m²/g和0.0768 cm³/g。此外，PAC-OP表面还分布丰富的含氧官能团，其表面氧含量为12.09%，高于AC1的10.42%和AC2的10.49%。PAC-OP对SO₂的吸附容量也明显高于AC1和AC2，分别为68.82 mg/g vs. 32.53 mg/g和24.79 mg/g。

本文对集中供热系统直埋双管的保温厚度进行了优化，用于最小化集中供热系统地埋双管的年总费用。建立了直埋双管的最优保温厚度和最小年总费用的优化模型。利用零点定理和fsolve函数求解了优化模型。在计算直埋双管的最优保温厚度和最小年总费用时，分别考虑了三种热源、四种运行策略、三种保温材料、七种公称管道尺寸值和三种埋深值，并比较了上述因素的优化结果。结果表明，利用该优化模型可以得到集中供热系统直埋双管的最优保温厚度和最小年总费用。通过敏感性分析，研究了一些经济参数，即单位供热成本、保温材料价格、利率和保温材料寿命对优化结果的影响。研究发现，对于集中供热系统，敏感性因素对直埋双管最优保温厚度和最小年总费用的影响是不同的。

In this paper, interval number optimization and model predictive control are proposed to handle the uncertain-but-bounded parameters in electric water heater load scheduling. First of all, interval numbers are used to describe uncertain parameters including hot water demand, ambient temperature, and real-time price of electricity. Moreover, the traditional thermal dynamic model of electric water heater is transformed into an interval number model, based on which, the day-ahead load scheduling problem with uncertain parameters is formulated, and solved by interval number optimization. Different tolerance degrees for constraint violation and temperature preferences are also discussed for giving consumers more choices. Furthermore, the model predictive control which incorporates both forecasts and newly updated information is utilized to make and execute electric water heater load schedules on a rolling basis throughout the day. Simulation results demonstrate that interval number optimization either in day-ahead optimization or model predictive control format is robust to the uncertain hot water demand, ambient temperature, and real-time price of electricity, enabling customers to flexibly adjust electric water heater control strategy.

Numerical simulation on flow of ice slurry in horizontal straight tubes was conducted in this paper to improve its transportation characteristics and application. This paper determined the influence of the diameter and length of tubes, the ice packing factors (IPF) and the flow velocity of ice slurry on pressure loss by using numerical simulation, based on two-phase flow and the granular dynamic theory. Furthermore, it was found that the deviation between the simulation results and experimental data could be reduced from 20% to 5% by adjusting the viscosity which was reflected by velocity. This confirmed the reliability of the simulation model. Thus, two mathematical correlations between viscosity and flow velocity were developed eventually. It could also be concluded that future rheological model of ice slurry should be considered in three sections clarified by the flow velocity, which determined the fundamental difference from single-phase fluid.

A novel way for a compressor to improve its coefficient of performance and enhance its reliability by employing nano-refrigeration lubricant oil was proposed. Onion like fullerenes (OLFs) and NiFe₂O₄ nano-composites, modified by Span 80, were dispersed in refrigeration oil KFR22 by solid grinding (SG). Morphologies of NiFe₂O₄ nano-composites were characterized by using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The tribological properties as a refrigeration lubricants additive were investigated using SRV (II), a multi-functional reciprocating friction and wear tester. The results showed that the friction coefficient was decreased from 0.15 to 0.04.

In this paper, the impact of the conductivity and the distribution of pollution on the behavior of the high voltage insulator cap and pin 1512L, artificially polluted is described. An experimental model in form of a disc is proposed. This experimental model reproduces the real model which is the 1512L insulator. Besides, a comparative study is presented. For this comparative study, different solutions are adopted to s`imulate the pollution (containing NaCl+ distilled water) that has different conductivities for a discontinuous distribution of the pollution on the insulator under an AC voltage. Furthermore, the influence of the pollution on the flashover voltage and the leakage current is studied. Finally, the behavior of real and experimental model of the insulator is investigated.

Architectural shade is an effective method for improving building energy efficiency. A new shade combined with the double skin façade (DSF) system, called middle shade (MS), was introduced and developed for buildings. In this paper, a 3D dynamic simulation was conducted to analyze the influence of MS combined with DSF on the indoor thermal characteristics. The research on MS for DSF involves the temperature, the ventilation rate, the velocity distribution of the air flow duct, and the indoor temperature. The results show that the angle and position of the shade in the three seasons are different, and different conditions effectively enhance the indoor thermal characteristics. In summer, the appearance of MS in DSF makes the indoor temperature significantly lower. The indoor temperature is obviously lower than that of the air flow duct, and the temperature of the air flow duct is less affected by MS. The influence of the position of blinds on indoor temperature and ventilation rate is greater than the influence of the angle of blinds. According to the climate characteristics of winter and transition season, in winter, early spring, and late autumn, the indoor temperature decreases with the increase of the position of blinds at daytime, but the opposite is true at night. The results found in this paper can provide reference for the design and use of MS combined with DSF in hot summer and cold winter zone.

In response to severe haze pollution, the Chinese government has announced a series of policies focusing on controlling emissions from coal consumption. “Ultra-low emission” (ULE) technologies have the potential to dramatically reduce emissions from coal-fired power plants, and have been deployed at some facilities in recent years. This paper estimated the potential environmental benefits of the widespread adoption of ULE in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region. Atmospheric modeling scenarios were analyzed for three cases: a “standard” scenario assuming no ULE deployment, a “best case” scenario assuming complete adoption of ULE across all power plants in the region, and a “natural gas” scenario, assuming emissions factors consistent with natural gas-fired power generation. The simulations show that the widespread adoption of ULE technologies can be an effective and economically competitive option for reducing the impacts of coal-fired power generation on air quality.

Most wind turbines within wind farms are set up to face a pre-determined wind direction. However, wind directions are intermittent in nature, leading to less electricity production capacity. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve the wind farm layout optimization problem considering multi-angular (MA) wind direction with the aim of maximizing the total power generated on wind farms and minimizing the cost of installation. A two-stage genetic algorithm (GA) equipped with complementary sampling and uniform crossover is used to evolve a MA layout that will yield optimal output regardless of the wind direction. In the first stage, the optimal wind turbine layouts for 8 different major wind directions were determined while the second stage allows each of the previously determined layouts to compete and inter-breed so as to evolve an optimal MA wind farm layout. The proposed MA wind farm layout is thereafter compared to other layouts whose turbines have focused site specific wind turbine orientation. The results reveal that the proposed wind farm layout improves wind power production capacity with minimum cost of installation compared to the layouts with site specific wind turbine layouts. This paper will find application at the planning stage of wind farm.

One of the most important aims of this study is to improve the core of the current VVER reactors to achieve more burn-up (or more cycle length) and more intrinsic safety. It is an independent study on the Russian new proposed FAs, called TVS-2M, which would be applied for the future advanced VVERs. Some important aspects of neutronics as well as thermal hydraulics investigations (and analysis) of the new type of Fas are conducted, and results are compared with the standards PWR CDBL. The TVS-2M FA contains gadolinium-oxide which is mixed with UO₂ (for different Gd densities and U-235 enrichments which are given herein), but the core does not contain BARs. The new type TVS-2M Fas are modeled by the SARCS software package to find the PMAXS format for three states of CZP and HZP as well as HFP, and then the whole core is simulated by the PARCS code to investigate transient conditions. In addition, the WIMS-D5 code is suggested for steady core modeling including TVS-2M FAs and/or TVS FAs. Many neutronics aspects such as the first cycle length (first cycle burn up in terms of MW_thd/kgU), the critical concentration of boric acid at the BOC as well as the cycle length, the axial, and radial power peaking factors, differential and integral worthy of the most reactive CPS-CRs, reactivity coefficients of the fuel, moderator, boric acid, and the under-moderation estimation of the core are conducted and benchmarked with the PWR CDBL. Specifically, the burn-up calculations indicate that the 45.6 d increase of the first cycle length (which corresponds to 1.18 MW_thd/kgU increase of burn-up) is the best improving aim of the new FA type called TVS-2M. Moreover, thermal-hydraulics core design criteria such as MDNBR (based on W3 correlation) and the maximum of fuel and clad temperatures (radially and axially), are investigated, and discussed based on the CDBL.