Received date: 31 Dec 2011
Accepted date: 27 Feb 2012
Published date: 01 Apr 2013
Copyright
This review discussed metabolism in poultry and wild birds with an emphasis on what remains to be elucidated. Circulating concentrations of glucose are much greater in both poultry and wild birds than in mammals which in turn are higher than in reptiles. The basis for this difference is unknown but does not appear to be related to the requirements of flight. Furthermore, birds exhibit a refractoriness to potential adverse effects of very high circulating concentrations of glucose. Again the basis of this is unclear. There is substantial information on the control of metabolism in poultry, although which hormones are exerting physiologic roles remains to be clarified. There is a tacit but unverified assumption that the control mechanisms are the same in wild birds and in poultry. Despite, significant research focus on metabolism in poultry and to a less extent wild birds, there is a dearth of studies determining metabolism in a quantitative manner.
Key words： metabolism; bird; circulating glucose; glucagon; insulin
Colin G. SCANES , Eldon BRAUN . Avian metabolism: its control and evolution[J]. Frontiers in Biology, 2013 , 8(2) : 134 -159 . DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1206-2
| 1 |
Adachi H, Takemoto Y, Bungo T, Ohkubo T (2008). Chicken leptin receptor is functional in activating JAK-STAT pathway in vitro. J Endocrinol, 197(2): 335-342
|
| 2 |
Algauhari A E I (1967). Experimental studies on the blood sugar in reptiles. Effect of fasting, temperature and insulin administration in Psammophis sibilans. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol, 54(3): 395-399
|
| 3 |
Arner P, Pettersson A, Mitchell P J, Dunbar J D, Kharitonenkov A, Rydén M (2008). FGF21 attenuates lipolysis in human adipocytes- a possible link to improved insulin sensitivity. FEBS Lett, 582(12): 1725-1730
|
| 4 |
Applegate T J, Ladwig E, Weissert L, Lilburn M S (1999). Effect of hen age on intestinal development and glucose tolerance of the Pekin duckling. Poult Sci, 78(11): 1485-1492
|
| 5 |
Aschoff J (1983). Circadian control of body temperature. J Therm Biol, 8(1-2): 143-147
|
| 6 |
Bacon W L, Long D W, Vasilatos-Younken R (1995). Responses to exogenous pulsatile turkey growth hormone by growing 8-week-old female turkeys. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 111(3): 471-482
|
| 7 |
Bartov I (1985). Effects of dietary protein concentration and corticosterone injections on energy and nitrogen balances and fat deposition in broiler chicks. Br PoultSci, 26(3): 311-324
|
| 8 |
Bedu E, Chainier F, Sibille B, Meister R, Dallevet G, Garin D, Duchamp C (2002). Increased lipogenesis in isolated hepatocytes from cold-acclimated ducklings. Am J Physiol Regul Intre Comp Physiol, 283(5):R1245-R1253
|
| 9 |
Belo P S, Romsos D R, Leville G A (1976). Blood metabolites and glucose metabolism in the fed and fasted chicken. J Nutr, 106(8): 1135-1143
|
| 10 |
Berghman L R, Devreese B, Verhaert P, Gerets H, Arckens L, Vanden Broeck J, Van Beeumen J, Vaudry H, Vandesande F (1998). The molecular characterisation of chicken pituitary N-terminal pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Mol Cell Endocrinol, 142(1-2): 119-130
|
| 11 |
Bernard S F, Thil M A, Groscolas R (2003). Lipolytic and metabolic response to glucagon in fasting king penguins: phase II vs. phase III. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 284(2): R444-R454
|
| 12 |
Berradi H, Bernadet M D, Guy G, Rideau N (2007). Expression of the glucokinase gene in mule duck liver and glucokinase activities in chicken and mule duck livers. Poult Sci, 86(10): 2216-2220
|
| 13 |
Beuchat C A, Chong C R (1998). Hyperglycemia in hummingbirds and its consequences for hemoglobin glycation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 120(3): 409-416
|
| 14 |
Bisbis S, Derouet M, Simon J (1994). Characterization of insulin receptors in chicken kidneys: effect of nutritional status. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 96(1): 37-49
|
| 15 |
Bishop C M, Butler P J, Egginton S, El Haj A J, Gabrielson G W (1995). Development of metabolic enzyme activity in locomotor and cardiac muscles of the migratory barnacle goose. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 269: 64-72
|
| 16 |
Boughton RK, Bridge ES, Schoech S J(2007). Energetic trade-offs between immunity and reproduction in male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix).J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol 307(9):479-487
|
| 17 |
Brady L J, Romsos D R, Brady P S, Bergen W G, Leveille G A (1978). The effects of fasting on body composition, glucose turnover, enzymes and metabolites in the chicken. J Nutr, 108(4): 648-657
|
| 18 |
Braun E J, Sweazea K L (2008). Glucose regulation in birds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 151(1): 1-9
|
| 19 |
Buntin J D, Hnasko R M, Zuzick P H (1999). Role of the ventromedial hypothalamus in prolactin-induced hyperphagia in ring doves. Physiol Behav, 66(2): 255-261
|
| 20 |
Buyse J, Adelsohn D S, Decuypere E, Scanes C G (1993). Diurnal-nocturnal changes in food intake, gut storage of ingesta, food transit time and metabolism in growing broiler chickens: a model for temporal control of energy balance. Br Poult Sci, 34(4): 699-709
|
| 21 |
Buyse J, Janssens K, Van der Geyten S, Van As P, Decuypere E, Darras V M (2002). Pre- and postprandial changes in plasma hormone and metabolite levels and hepatic deiodinase activities in meal-fed broiler chickens. Br J Nutr, 88(06): 641-653
|
| 22 |
Buyse J, Janssen S, Geelissen S, Swennen Q, Kaiya H, Darras V M, Dridi S (2009). Ghrelin modulates fatty acid synthase and related transcription factor mRNA levels in a tissue-specific manner in neonatal broiler chicks. Peptides, 30(7): 1342-1347
|
| 23 |
Calder P C, Yaqoob P (1999). Glutamine and the immune system. Amino Acids, 17(3): 227-241
|
| 24 |
Campbell R M, Scanes C G (1985). Lipolytic activity of purified pituitary and bacterially derived growth hormone on chicken adipose tissue in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 180(3): 513-517
|
| 25 |
Campbell R M, Scanes C G (1987). Growth hormone inhibition of glucagon- and cAMP-induced lipolysis by chicken adipose tissue in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 184(4): 456-460
|
| 26 |
Campbell R M, Scanes C G (1988a). Pharmacological investigations on the lipolytic and antilipolytic effects of growth hormone (GH) in chicken adipose tissue in vitro: evidence for involvement of calcium and polyamines. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 188(2): 177-184
|
| 27 |
Campbell R M, Scanes C G (1988b). Inhibition of growth hormone-stimulated lipolysis by somatostatin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 189(3): 362-366
|
| 28 |
Campbell R M, Kostyo J L, Scanes C G (1990). Lipolytic and antilipolytic effects of human growth hormone, its 20-kilodalton variant, a reduced and carboxymethylated derivative, and human placental lactogen on chicken adipose tissue in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 193(4): 269-273
|
| 29 |
Campbell R M, Kawauchi H, Lewis U J, Papkoff H, Scanes C G (1991). Comparison of lipolytic and antilipolytic activities of lower vertebrate growth hormones on chicken adipose tissue in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 197(4): 409-415
|
| 30 |
Campbell R M, Chen W Y, Wiehl P, Kelder B, Kopchick J J, Scanes C G (1993). A growth hormone (GH) analog that antagonizes the lipolytic effect but retains full insulin-like (antilipolytic) activity of GH. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 203(3): 311-316
|
| 31 |
Cascone O, Turyn D, Dellacha J M, Machado V L, Marques M, Vita N, Cassan C, Ferrara P, Guillemot J C (1991). Isolation, purification and primary structure of insulin from the turtle Chrysemys dorbigni. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 84(3): 355-359
|
| 32 |
Chandavar V R, Naik P R (2008). Immunocytochemical detection of glucagon and insulin cells in endocrine pancreas and cyclic disparity of plasma glucose in the turtle Melanochelys trijuga. J Biosci, 33(2): 239-247
|
| 33 |
Chartrin P, Bernadet M D, Guy G, Mourot J, Hocquette J F, Rideau N, Duclos M J, Baéza E (2006). Does overfeeding enhance genotype effects on liver ability for lipogenesis and lipid secretion in ducks? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 145(3): 390-396
|
| 34 |
Cheema M A, Qureshi M A, Havenstein G B (2003). A comparison of the immune response of a 2001 commercial broiler with a 1957 randombred broiler strain when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poult Sci, 82(10): 1519-1529
|
| 35 |
Cheema M A, Qureshi M A, Havenstein G B, Ferket P R, Nestor K E (2007). A comparison of the immune response of 2003 commercial turkeys and a 1966 randombred strain when fed representative 2003 and 1966 turkey diets. Poult Sci, 86(2): 241-248
|
| 36 |
Cheeseman J H, Levy N A, Kaiser P, Lillehoj H S, Lamont S J (2008a). Salmonella enteritidis-induced alteration of inflammatory CXCL chemokine messenger-RNA expression and histologic changes in the ceca of infected chicks. Avian Dis, 52(2): 229-234
|
| 37 |
Cheeseman J H, Lillehoj H S, Lamont S J (2008b). Reduced nitric oxide production and iNOS mRNA expression in IFN-gamma-stimulated chicken macrophages transfected with iNOS siRNAs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 125(3-4): 375-380
|
| 38 |
Cheng H W, Freire R, Pajor E A (2004). Endotoxin stress responses in chickens from different genetic lines. 1. Sickness, behavioral, and physical responses. Poult Sci, 83(5): 707-715
|
| 39 |
Cherel Y, Le Maho Y (1985). Five months of fasting in king penguin chicks: body mass loss and fuel metabolism. Am J Physiol, 249(4 Pt 2): R387-R392
|
| 40 |
Chevalier B, Anglade P, Derouet M, Mollé D, Simon J (1996). Isolation and characterization of Muscovy (Cairna moschata) duck insulin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 114(1): 19-26
|
| 41 |
Chida Y, Ohtsu H, Takahashi K, Sato K, Toyomizu M, Akiba Y (2000). Carbohydrate metabolism in temporal and persistent hypoglycemic chickens induced by insulin infusion. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 126(2): 187-193
|
| 42 |
Christensen K, McMurtry J P, Vizzier Thaxton Y, Thaxton J P, Corzo A, McDaniel C, Scanes C G (2012a). Metabolic and hormonal responses of modern meat type chickens to fasting. Br Poult Sci, (submitted)
|
| 43 |
Christensen K, Vizzier Thaxton Y, Thaxton J P, Scanes C G (2012b). Changes in body temperature during growth and in response to fasting in modern meat type chickens. Br Poult Sci, (submitted)
|
| 44 |
Christensen R A, Malinowski K, Massenzio A M, Hafs H D, Scanes C G (1997). Acute effects of short-term feed deprivation and refeeding on circulating concentrations of metabolites, insulin-like growth factor I, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, somatotropin, and thyroid hormones in adult geldings. J Anim Sci, 75(5): 1351-1358
|
| 45 |
Christensen V L, Wineland M J, Fasenko G M, Donaldson W E (2001). Egg storage effects on plasma glucose and supply and demand tissue glycogen concentrations of broiler embryos. Poult Sci, 80(12): 1729-1735
|
| 46 |
Constans T, Chevalier B, Derouet M, Simon J (1991). Insulin sensitivity and liver insulin receptor structure in ducks from two genera. Am J Physiol, 261(4 Pt 2): R882-R890
|
| 47 |
Conlon J M (2000). Molecular evolution of insulin in non-mammalian vertebrates. Am Zool, 40(2): 200-212
|
| 48 |
Conlon J M, Hicks J W (1990). Isolation and structural characterization of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin from the turtle, Pseudemys scripta. Peptides, 11(3): 461-466
|
| 49 |
Conlon J M, Secor S M, Adrian T E, Mynarcik D C, Whittaker J (1997). Purification and characterization of islet hormones (insulin, glucagon, pancreatic, polypeptide and somatostatin) from the Burmese python, Python molurus. Regul Pept, 71(3): 191-198
|
| 50 |
Cutler S A, Rasmussen M A, Hensley M J, Wilhelms K W, Griffith R W, Scanes C G (2005). Effects of lactobacilli and lactose on Salmonella typhimurium colonisation and microbial fermentation in the crop of the young turkey. Br Poult Sci, 46(6): 708-716
|
| 51 |
Darras V M, Rudas P, Visser T J, Hall T R, Huybrechts L M, Vanderpooten A, Berghman L R, Decuypere E, Kühn E R (1993). Endogenous growth hormone controls high plasma levels of 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3) in growing chickens by decreasing the T3-degrading type III deiodinase activity. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 10(1): 55-65
|
| 52 |
Davison T F, Rea J, Rowell J G (1983). Effects of dietary corticosterone on the growth and metabolism of immature Gallus domesticus. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 50(3): 463-468
|
| 53 |
Davison T F, Freeman B M, Rea J (1985). Effects of continuous treatment with synthetic ACTH1-24 or corticosterone on immature Gallus domesticus. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 59(3): 416-423
|
| 54 |
de Beer M, Rosebrough R W, Russell B A, Poch S M, Richards M P, Coon C N (2007). An examination of the role of feeding regimens in regulating metabolism during the broiler breeder grower period. 1. Hepatic lipid metabolism. Poult Sci, 86(8): 1726-1738
|
| 55 |
de Beer M, McMurtry J P, Brocht D M, Coon C N (2008). An examination of the role of feeding regimens in regulating metabolism during the broiler breeder grower period. 2. Plasma hormones and metabolites. Poult Sci, 87(2): 264-275
|
| 56 |
De Boever S, Beyaert R, Vandemaele F, Baert K, Duchateau L, Goddeeris B, De Backer P, Croubels S (2008). The influence of age and repeated lipopolysaccharide administration on body temperature and the concentration of interleukin-6 and IgM antibodies against lipopolysaccharide in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol, 37(1): 39-44
|
| 57 |
de Boever S, Croubels S, Meyer E, Sys S, Beyaert R, Ducatelle R, De Backer P (2009). Characterization of an intravenous lipopolysaccharide inflammation model in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol, 38(5): 403-411
|
| 58 |
Delezie E, Swennen Q, Buyse J, Decuypere E (2007). The effect of feed withdrawal and crating density in transit on metabolism and meat quality of broilers at slaughter weight. Poult Sci, 86(7): 1414-1423
|
| 59 |
Dessauer H (1970). Blood chemistry of reptiles: Physiological and evolutionary aspects. In: Biology of the reptilia. Vol. 3 Ed C. Gans and T.S. Parsons pp 1-72, Academic Press, New York.
|
| 60 |
Di Scala-Guenot D, Strosser M T, Mialhe P (1985). The biological activity of duck 'big' somatostatin on chicken adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta, 845(2): 261-264
|
| 61 |
Donker R A, Beuving G (1989). Effect of corticosterone infusion on plasma corticosterone concentration, antibody production, circulating leukocytes and growth in chicken lines selected for humoral immune responsiveness. Br Poult Sci, 30(2): 361-369
|
| 62 |
Dridi S, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Taouis M (2005). Potential role of leptin in increase of fatty acid synthase gene expression in chicken liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 29(4): 646-660
|
| 63 |
Dupont J, Derouet M, Simon J, Taouis M (1999). Corticosterone alters insulin signaling in chicken muscle and liver at different steps. J Endocrinol, 162(1): 67-76
|
| 64 |
Dupont J, Tesseraud S, Derouet M, Collin A, Rideau N, Crochet S, Godet E, Cailleau-Audouin E, Métayer-Coustard S, Duclos M J, Gespach C, Porter T E, Cogburn L A, Simon J (2008). Insulin immuno-neutralization in chicken: effects on insulin signaling and gene expression in liver and muscle. J Endocrinol, 197(3): 531-542
|
| 65 |
Dong H, Lin H, Jiao H C, Song C M, ZhaoJ P, Jiang K J(2007). Altered development and protein metabolism in skeletal muscles of broiler chickens (Gallus gallusdomesticus) by corticosterone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 147(1): 189-195
|
| 66 |
Edwards C M, Stanley S A, Davis R, Brynes A E, Frost G S, Seal L J, Ghatei M A, Bloom S R (2001). Exendin-4 reduces fasting and postprandial glucose and decreases energy intake in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 281(1): E155-E161
|
| 67 |
Edwards M R, McMurtry J P, Vasilatos-Younken R (1999). Relative insensitivity of avian skeletal muscle glycogen to nutritive status. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 16(4): 239-247
|
| 68 |
Ekmay R D, de Beer M, Rosebrough R W, Richards M P, McMurtry J P, Coon C N (2010). The role of feeding regimens in regulating metabolism of sexually mature broiler breeders. Poult Sci, 89(6): 1171-1181
|
| 69 |
Evans T K, Litthauer D, Oelofsen W (1988). Purification and primary structure of ostrich insulin. Int J Pept Protein Res, 31(5): 454-462
|
| 70 |
Falsone K, Jenni-Eiermann S, Jenni L (2009). Corticosterone in migrating songbirds during endurance flight. Horm Behav, 56(5): 548-556
|
| 71 |
Farhat A, Chavez E R (2001). Metabolic studies on lean and fat Pekin ducks selected for breast muscle thickness measured by ultrasound scanning. Poult Sci, 80(5): 585-591
|
| 72 |
Ferguson D, Braun EJ (2010). Skeletal Muscle and Hepatic Glycogen Content in Birds.FASEB J, 24 1055.14.
|
| 73 |
Foltzer C, Mialhe P (1976). Pituitary and adrenal control of pancreatic endocrine function in the duck. II. Plasma free fatty acids, aminoacids, and insulin variations following hypophysectomy and replacement therapy with growth hormone and corticosterone. Diabete Metab, 2(3): 101-105
|
| 74 |
Foye O T, Uni Z, Ferket P R (2006). Effect of in ovo feeding egg white protein, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, and carbohydrates on glycogen status and neonatal growth of turkeys. Poult Sci, 85(7): 1185-1192
|
| 75 |
Franchini A, Marchesini E, Ottaviani E (2004). Corticosterone 21-acetate in vivo induces acute stress in chicken thymus: cell proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine responses. Histol Histopathol, 19(3): 693-699
|
| 76 |
Furuse M, Chol Y H, Yang S I, Kita K, Okumura J (1991). Enhanced release of cholecystokinin in chickens fed diets high in phenylalanine or tyrosine. Comp Biochem Physiol A, 99(3): 449-451
|
| 77 |
Furuse M, Mabayo R T, Miyachi Y, Okumura J (1997). Effect of ketone bodies on crop emptying in the chicken. Br Poult Sci, 38(4): 432-435
|
| 78 |
Gao J, Lin H, Song Z G, Jiao H C (2008). Corticosterone alters meat quality by changing pre-and postslaughter muscle metabolism. Poult Sci, 87(8): 1609-1617
|
| 79 |
George J C, John T M, Mitchell M A (1989). Flight effects on plasma levels of lipid, glucagon and thyroid hormones in homing pigeons. Horm Metab Res, 21(10): 542-545
|
| 80 |
Gerson A R, Guglielmo C G (2011). Flight at low ambient humidity increases protein catabolism in migratory birds. Science, 333(6048): 1434-1436
|
| 81 |
Goodridge A G (1973). Regulation of fatty acid synthesis in isolated hepatocytes prepared from the livers of neonatal chicks. J Biol Chem, 248(6): 1924-1931
|
| 82 |
Goodridge A G, Back D W, Wilson S B, Goldman M J (1986). Regulation of genes for enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 478(1 Metabolic Reg): 46-62
|
| 83 |
Graf R, Krishna S, Heller H C (1989). Regulated nocturnal hypothermia induced in pigeons by food deprivation. Am J Physiol, 256(3 Pt 2): R733-R738
|
| 84 |
Guglielmo C G (2010). Move that fatty acid: fuel selection and transport in migratory birds and bats. Integr Comp Biol, 50(3): 336-345
|
| 85 |
Guglielmo C G, Haunerland N H, Hochachka P W, Williams T D (2002). Seasonal dynamics of flight muscle fatty acid binding protein and catabolic enzymes in a migratory shorebird. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 282(5): R1405-R1413
|
| 86 |
Han P F S, Smyth J R Jr (1972). The influence of growth rate on the development of Marek’s disease in chickens. Poult Sci, 51(3): 975-985
|
| 87 |
Han P F S, Smyth J R Jr (1973). The influence of maternal effects on the response of fast and slow growing chickens to a Marek’s disease virus. Poult Sci, 52(3): 909-915
|
| 88 |
Harvey S, Scanes C G, Howe T (1977). Growth hormone effects on in vitro metabolism of avian adipose and liver tissue. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 33(3): 322-328
|
| 89 |
Harvey S, Scanes C G, Chadwick A, Bolton N J (1978). Influence of fasting, glucose and insulin on the levels of growth hormone and prolactin in the plasma of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). J Endocrinol, 76(3): 501-506
|
| 90 |
Havenstein G B, Ferket P R, Qureshi M A (2003). Carcass composition and yield of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poult Sci, 82(10): 1509-1518
|
| 91 |
Hayashi K, Nagai Y, OhtsukaA, TomitaY(1994). Effects of dietary corticosterone and trilostane on growth and skeletal muscle protein turnover in broiler cockerels. Br Poult Sci, 35(5): 789-798
|
| 92 |
Hazelwood R L (1986). Carbohydrate Metabolism. In: Avian Physiology Ed. P.D.Sturkie pp.303-325, Springer-Verlag, New York
|
| 93 |
Hazelwood R L, Lorenz F W (1959). Effects of fasting and insulin on carbohydrate metabolism of the domestic fowl. Am J Physiol, 197(1): 47-51
|
| 94 |
Hedges S B, Poling L L (1999). A molecular phylogeny of reptiles. Science, 283(5404): 998-1001
|
| 95 |
Hen G, Yosefi S, Ronin A, Einat P, Rosenblum C I, Denver R J, Friedman-Einat M (2008). Monitoring leptin activity using the chicken leptin receptor. J Endocrinol, 197(2): 325-333
|
| 96 |
Hendricks G L 3rd, Hadley J A, Krzysik-Walker S M, Prabhu K S, Vasilatos-Younken R, Ramachandran R (2009). Unique profile of chicken adiponectin, a predominantly heavy molecular weight multimer, and relationship to visceral adiposity. Endocrinology, 150(7): 3092-3100
|
| 97 |
Hidalgo-Vila J, Díaz-Paniagua C, Pérez-Santigosa N, Laza A, Camacho I, Recio F (2007). Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals of free-living Mediterranean pond turtles (Mauremys leprosa). J Wildl Dis, 43(4): 798-801
|
| 98 |
Hintz J V (2000). The hormonal regulation of premigratory fat deposition and winter fattening in red-winged blackbirds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 125(2): 239-249
|
| 99 |
Holmbäck U, Lowden A, Akerfeldt T, Lennernäs M, Hambraeus L, Forslund J, Akerstedt T, Stridsberg M, Forslund A (2003). The human body may buffer small differences in meal size and timing during a 24-h wake period provided energy balance is maintained. J Nutr, 133(9): 2748-2755
|
| 100 |
Honey R N, Weir G C (1979). Insulin stimulates somatostatin and inhibits glucagon secretion from the perfused chicken pancreas-duodenum. Life Sci, 24(19): 1747-1750
|
| 101 |
Honey R N, Schwarz J A, Mathe C J, Weir G C (1980). Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion from isolated perfused rat and chicken pancreas-duodenum. Am J Physiol, 238(2): E150-E156
|
| 102 |
Houston B, O’Neill I E (1991). Insulin and growth hormone act synergistically to stimulate insulin-like growth factor-I production by cultured chicken hepatocytes. J Endocrinol, 128(3): 389-393
|
| 103 |
Huang J X, Lu L, Xi L, Luo X G, Liu B (2010). Effects of age and strain on the expression of leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin in the hypothalamus of young chickens. Br Poult Sci, 51(5): 696-702
|
| 104 |
Jackson S, Duke G E (1995). Intestine fullness influences feeding behaviour and crop filling in the domestic turkey. Physiol Behav, 58(5): 1027-1034
|
| 105 |
Jankowski M D, Franson J C, Möstl E, Porter W P, Hofmeister E K (2010). Testing independent and interactive effects of corticosterone and synergized resmethrin on the immune response to West Nile virus in chickens. Toxicology, 269(1): 81-88
|
| 106 |
Jenni L, Jenni-Eiermann S (1998). Fuel supply and metabolic constraints in migrating birds. J Avian Biol, 29(4): 521-528
|
| 107 |
Jia X, Nie Q, Lamont S J, Zhang X (2011). Variation in Sequence and Expression of the Avian FTO, and Association with Glucose Metabolism, Body Weight, Fatness and Body Composition in Chickens. Int J Obes (Lond)
|
| 108 |
Jiang K J, Jiao H C, Song Z G, Yuan L, Zhao J P, Lin H (2008). Corticosterone administration and dietary glucose supplementation enhance fat accumulation in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 49(5): 625-631
|
| 109 |
Cutler S A, Rasmussen M A, Hensley M J, Wilhelms K W, Griffith R W, Scanes C G (2005). Effects of Lactobacilli and lactose on Salmonella typhimurium colonisation and microbial fermentation in the crop of the young turkey. Br Poult Sci, 46(6): 708-716
|
| 110 |
Kelm DH, Simon R, Kuhlow D, Voigt CC, Ristow M (2011). High activity enables life on a high-sugar diet: blood glucose regulation in nectar-feeding bats. Proc Biol Sci, 278(1724): 3490-3466
|
| 111 |
Klasing K C, Laurin D E, Peng R K, Fry D M (1987). Immunologically mediated growth depression in chicks: influence of feed intake, corticosterone and interleukin-1. J Nutr, 117(9): 1629-1637
|
| 112 |
King D L, Hazelwood R L (1976). Regulation of avian insulin secretion by isolated perfused chicken pancreas. Am J Physiol, 231(6): 1830-1839
|
| 113 |
Kitazawa T, Maeda Y, Kaiya H (2009). Molecular cloning of growth hormone secretagogue-receptor and effect of quail ghrelin on gastrointestinal motility in Japanese quail. Regul Pept, 158(1-3): 132-142
|
| 114 |
Kobayashi T, Iwai H, Uchimoto R, Ohta M, Shiota M, Sugano T (1989). Gluconeogenesis in perfused livers from dexamethasone-treated chickens. Am J Physiol, 256(4 Pt 2): R907-R914
|
| 115 |
Koch K A, Wingfield J C, Buntin J D (2004). Prolactin-induced parental hyperphagia in ring doves: are glucocorticoids involved? Horm Behav, 46(4): 498-505
|
| 116 |
Kono T, Nishida M, Nishiki Y, Seki Y, Sato K, Akiba Y (2005). Characterisation of glucose transporter (GLUT) gene expression in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 46(4): 510-515
|
| 117 |
Kornasio R, Halevy O, Kedar O, Uni Z (2011). Effect of in ovo feeding and its interaction with timing of first feed on glycogen reserves, muscle growth, and body weight. Poult Sci, 90(7): 1467-1477
|
| 118 |
Kurima K, Bacon W L, Vasilatos-Younken R (1994). Effects of glucagon infusion, alone or in combination with somatostatin, on plasma growth hormone and metabolite levels in young female turkeys under different feeding regimens. Poult Sci, 73(5): 704-713
|
| 119 |
Lance V, Hamilton J W, Rouse J B, Kimmel J R, Pollock H G (1984). Isolation and characterization of reptilian insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide: complete amino acid sequence of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) insulin and pancreatic polypeptide. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 55(1): 112-124
|
| 120 |
Lance V A, Elsey R M, Coulson R A (1993). Biological activity of alligator, avian, and mammalian insulin in juvenile alligators: plasma glucose and amino acids. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 89(2): 267-275
|
| 121 |
Landys M M, Ramenofsky M, Guglielmo C G, Wingfield J C (2004). The low-affinity glucocorticoid receptor regulates feeding and lipid breakdown in the migratory Gambel’s white-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. J Exp Biol, 207(1): 143-154
|
| 122 |
Landys M M, Piersma T, Guglielmo C G, Jukema J, Ramenofsky M, Wingfield J C (2005). Metabolic profile of long-distance migratory flight and stopover in a shorebird. Proc Biol Sci, 272(1560): 295-302
|
| 123 |
Langslow D R, Hales C N (1969). Lipolysis in chicken adipose tissue in vitro. J Endocrinol, 43(2): 285-294
|
| 124 |
Langslow D R, Butler E J, Hales C N, Pearson A W (1970). The response of plasma insulin, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids to various hormones, nutrients and drugs in the domestic fowl. J Endocrinol, 46(2): 243-260
|
| 125 |
Laurent F, Mialhe P (1976). Insulin and the glucose-glucagon feedback mechanism in the duck. Diabetologia, 12(1): 23-33
|
| 126 |
Laurent F, Mialhe P (1978). Effect of free fatty acids and amino acids on glucagon and insulin secretions in normal and diabetic ducks. Diabetologia, 15(4): 313-321
|
| 127 |
Le Maho Y, Vu Van Kha H, Koubi H, Dewasmes G, Girard J, Ferré P, Cagnard M (1981). Body composition, energy expenditure, and plasma metabolites in long-term fasting geese. Am J Physiol, 241(5): E342-E354
|
| 128 |
Li Z, Nestor K E, Saif Y M, Luhtala M (2000). Flow cytometric analysis of T lymphocyte subpopulations in large-bodied turkey lines and a random bred control population. Poult Sci, 79(2): 219-223
|
| 129 |
Li Z, Nestor K E, Saif Y M, Anderson J W, Patterson R A (2001). Effect of selection for increased body weight in turkeys on lymphoid organ weights, phagocytosis, and antibody responses to fowl cholera and Newcastle disease-inactivated vaccines. Poult Sci, 80(6): 689-694
|
| 130 |
Lin H, Sui S J, Jiao H C, Jiang K J, Zhao J P, Dong H (2007). Effects of diet and stress mimicked by corticosterone administration on early postmortem muscle metabolism of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 86(3): 545-554
|
| 131 |
Liu X, Dunn I C, Sharp P J, Boswell T (2007). Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a short form chicken leptin receptor mRNA. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 32(3): 155-166
|
| 132 |
Lochmiller R L, Deerenberg C (2000). Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what are the costs of immunity? Oikos, 88(1): 87-98
|
| 133 |
Lu J W, McMurtry J P, Coon C N (2007). Developmental changes of plasma insulin, glucagon, insulin-like growth factors, thyroid hormones, and glucose concentrations in chick embryos and hatched chicks. Poult Sci, 86(4): 673-683
|
| 134 |
Lutz P J, Dunbar-Cooper A (1987). Variation in the blood chemistry of the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta. Fish Bull, 85(1): 37-43
|
| 135 |
Maddineni S, Metzger S, Ocón O, Hendricks G 3rd, Ramachandran R (2005). Adiponectin gene is expressed in multiple tissues in the chicken: food deprivation influences adiponectin messenger ribonucleic acid expression. Endocrinology, 146(10): 4250-4256
|
| 136 |
Maillet D, Weber J M (2006). Performance-enhancing role of dietary fatty acids in a long-distance migrant shorebird: the semipalmated sandpiper. J Exp Biol, 209(14): 2686-2695
|
| 137 |
Markussen J, Sundby F (1973). Duck insulin: isolation, crystallization and amino acid sequence. Int J Pept Protein Res, 5(1): 37-48
|
| 138 |
Martin L B 2nd, Scheuerlein A, Wikelski M (2003). Immune activity elevates energy expenditure of house sparrows: a link between direct and indirect costs? Proc Biol Sci, 270(1511): 153-158
|
| 139 |
Martin L B 2nd, Hasselquist D, Wikelski M (2006). Investment in immune defense is linked to pace of life in house sparrows. Oecologia, 147(4): 565-575
|
| 140 |
Mauck R A, Matson K D, Philipsborn J, Ricklefs R E (2005). Increase in the constitutive innate humoral immune system in Leach's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) chicks is negatively correlated with growth rate. Funct Ecol, 19(6): 1001-1007
|
| 141 |
May J D, Lott B D, Deaton J W (1990). The effect of light and environmental temperature on broiler digestive tract contents after feed withdrawal. Poult Sci, 69(10): 1681-1684
|
| 142 |
May J D, Lott B D, Simmons J D (1998). The effect of environmental temperature and body weight on growth rate and feed:gain of male broilers. Poult Sci, 77(4): 499-501
|
| 143 |
Mabayo R T, Furuse M, Yang S I, Okumura J (1992). Medium-chain triacylglycerols enhance release of cholecystokinin in chicks. J Nutr, 122(8): 1702-1705
|
| 144 |
McFarlan J T, Bonen A, Guglielmo C G (2009). Seasonal upregulation of fatty acid transporters in flight muscles of migratory white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). J Exp Biol, 212(18): 2934-2940
|
| 145 |
Meléndez-Morales D, de Paz-Lugo P, Meléndez-Hevia E (2009). Glycolysis activity in flight muscles of birds according to their physiological function. An experimental model in vitro to study aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis activity separately. Mol Cell Biochem, 328(1-2): 127-135
|
| 146 |
Mireles A J, Kim S M, Klasing K C (2005). An acute inflammatory response alters bone homeostasis, body composition, and the humoral immune response of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 84(4): 553-560
|
| 147 |
Moore R W, Park S Y, Kubena L F, Byrd J A, McReynolds J L, Burnham M R, Hume M E, Birkhold S G, Nisbet D J, Ricke S C (2004). Comparison of zinc acetate and propionate addition on gastrointestinal tract fermentation and susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella enteritidis during forced molt. Poult Sci, 83(8): 1276-1286
|
| 148 |
Nadal M R, Thompson D L Jr, Kincaid L A (1997). Effect of feeding and feed deprivation on plasma concentrations of prolactin, insulin, growth hormone, and metabolites in horses. J Anim Sci, 75(3): 736-744
|
| 149 |
Nagao K, Aman Yaman M, Murai A, Sasaki T, Saito N, Okumura J, Kita K (2001). Insulin administration suppresses an increase in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 gene expression stimulated by fasting in the chicken. Br Poult Sci, 42(4): 501-504
|
| 150 |
Naudé R J, Chung D, Li C H, Oelofsen W (1981). b-Lipotropin: primary structure of the hormone from the ostrich pituitary gland. Int J Pept Protein Res, 18(2): 138-147
|
| 151 |
Naudé R, Oelofsen W, Takahashi A, Amano M, Kawauchi H (2006). Molecular cloning and characterization of preproopiomelanocortin (prePOMC) cDNA from the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Gen Comp Endocrinol, 146(3): 310-317
|
| 152 |
Nestor K E, Saif Y M, Zhu J, Noble D O (1996a). Influence of growth selection in turkeys on resistance to Pasteurella multocida. Poult Sci, 75(10): 1161-1163
|
| 153 |
Nestor K E, Saif Y M, Zhu J, Noble D O, Patterson R A (1996b). The influence of major histocompatibility complex genotypes on resistance to Pasteurella multocida and Newcastle disease virus in turkeys. Poult Sci, 75(1): 29-33
|
| 154 |
Nestor K E, Lilburn M S, Saif Y M, Anderson J W, Patterson R A, Li Z, Nixon J E (1999a). Influence of body weight restriction in a body-weight-selected line of turkeys on response to challenge with Pasteurella multocida. Poult Sci, 78(9): 1263-1267
|
| 155 |
Nestor K E, Saif Y M, Anderson J W, Patterson R A, Li Z (1999b). Variation in resistance to Pasteurella multocida among turkey lines. Poult Sci, 78(10): 1377-1379
|
| 156 |
Nijdam E, Delezie E, Lambooij E, Nabuurs M J, Decuypere E, Stegeman J A (2005). Feed withdrawal of broilers before transport changes plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. Poult Sci, 84(7): 1146-1152
|
| 157 |
Niwa H, Yamano T, Sugano T, Harris R A (1986). Hormonal effects and the control of gluconeogenesis from sorbitol, xylitol and glycerol in perfused chicken liver. Comp Biochem Physiol B, 85(4): 739-745
|
| 158 |
Ohtsuka A, Tanaka H , Hizaki K, Hayashi K(1998). Chick skeletal muscle proteolysis in vitro increased by corticosterone. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 62(9): 1781-1783
|
| 159 |
Oscar T P (1992). Glucagon-induced desensitization of broiler adipocyte lipolysis. Poult Sci, 71(6): 1015-1021
|
| 160 |
Oscar T P (1993). Enhanced lipolysis from broiler adipocytes pretreated with pancreatic polypeptide. J Anim Sci, 71(10): 2639-2644
|
| 161 |
Oscar T P (1996a). Down-regulation of glucagon receptors on the surface of broiler adipocytes. Poult Sci, 75(8): 1027-1034
|
| 162 |
Oscar T P (1996b). Prolonged in vitro exposure of broiler adipocytes to somatostatin enhances lipolysis and induces desensitization of antilipolysis. Poult Sci, 75(3): 393-401
|
| 163 |
Ostheim J (1992). Coping with food-limited conditions: feeding behavior, temperature preference, and nocturnal hypothermia in pigeons. Physiol Behav, 51(2): 353-361
|
| 164 |
Ots I, Kerimov A B, Ivankina E V, Ilyina T A, Hõrak P (2001). Immune challenge affects basal metabolic activity in wintering great tits. Proc Biol Sci, 268(1472): 1175-1181
|
| 165 |
Owen-Ashley N T, Hasselquist D, Råberg L, Wingfield J C (2008). Latitudinal variation of immune defense and sickness behavior in the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Brain Behav Immun, 22(4): 614-625
|
| 166 |
Padilla S E, Weber M, Jacobson E R (2011). Hematologic and plasma biochemical reference intervals for Morelet’s crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii) in the northern wetlands of Campeche, Mexico. J Wildl Dis, 47(3): 511-522
|
| 167 |
Pelsers M M, Butler P J, Bishop C M, Glatz J F C (1999). Fatty acid binding protein in heart and skeletal muscles of the migratory barnacle goose throughout development. Am J Physiol, 276(3 Pt 2): R637-R643
|
| 168 |
Perler F, Efstratiadis A, Lomedico P, Gilbert W, Kolodner R, Dodgson J (1980). The evolution of genes: the chicken preproinsulin gene. Cell, 20(2): 555-566
|
| 169 |
Picardo M, Dickson A J (1982). Hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism in hepatocyte suspensions isolated from chicken embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol B, 71(4): 689-693
|
| 170 |
Pitel F, Faraut T, Bruneau G, Monget P (2010). Is there a leptin gene in the chicken genome? Lessons from phylogenetics, bioinformatics and genomics. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 167(1): 1-5
|
| 171 |
Poh T Y, Pease J, Young J R, Bumstead N, Kaiser P (2008). Re-evaluation of chicken CXCR1 determines the true gene structure: CXCLi1 (K60) and CXCLi2 (CAF/interleukin-8) are ligands for this receptor. J Biol Chem, 283(24): 16408-16415
|
| 172 |
Post J, Rebel J M, ter Huurne A A (2003). Physiological effects of elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations in broiler chickens. An alternative means by which to assess the physiological effects of stress. Poult Sci, 82(8): 1313-1318
|
| 173 |
Prinzinger R, Misovic A (2010). Age-correlation of blood values in the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 156(3): 351-356
|
| 174 |
Proudman J A, McGuinness M C, Krishnan K A, Cogburn L A (1994). Endocrine and metabolic responses of intact and hypophysectomized turkey poults given a daily injection of chicken growth hormone. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol, 109(1): 47-56
|
| 175 |
Pulikanti R, Peebles E D, Keirs R W, Bennett L W, Keralapurath M M, Gerard P D (2010). Pipping muscle and liver metabolic profile changes and relationships in broiler embryos on days 15 and 19 of incubation. Poult Sci, 89(5): 860-865
|
| 176 |
Råberg L, Vestberg M, Hasselquist D, Holmdahl R, Svensson E, Nilsson J A (2002). Basal metabolic rate and the evolution of the adaptive immune system. Proc Biol Sci, 269(1493): 817-821
|
| 177 |
Ramachandran R, Ocón-Grove O M, Metzger S L (2007). Molecular cloning and tissue expression of chicken AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 complementary deoxyribonucleic acids. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 33(1): 19-31
|
| 178 |
Richards M P, Poch S M (2003). Molecular cloning and expression of the turkey leptin receptor gene. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 136(4): 833-847
|
| 179 |
Richards M P, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Rosebrough R W, McMurtry J P, Angel R (2010). Effects of early neonatal development and delayed feeding immediately post-hatch on the hepatic lipogenic program in broiler chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 157(4): 374-388
|
| 180 |
Riesenfeld G, Geva A, Hurwitz S (1982). Glucose homeostasis in the chicken. J Nutr, 112(12): 2261-2266
|
| 181 |
Rosebrough R W, McMurtry J P, Vasilatos-Younken R(1991). Effect of pulsatile or continuous administration of pituitary-derived chicken growth hormone (p-cGH) on lipid metabolism in broiler pullets. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol, 99(1-2): 207—214
|
| 182 |
Rubin C J, Zody M C, Eriksson J, Meadows J R, Sherwood E, Webster M T, Jiang L, Ingman M, Sharpe T, Ka S, Hallböök F, Besnier F, Carlborg O, Bed’hom B, Tixier-Boichard M, Jensen P, Siegel P, Lindblad-Toh K, Andersson L (2010). Whole-genome resequencing reveals loci under selection during chicken domestication. Nature, 464(7288): 587-591
|
| 183 |
Roy V K, Krishna A (2011). Regulation of leptin synthesis during adipogenesis in males of a vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi. J Exp Biol, 214(9): 1599-1606
|
| 184 |
Rudas P, Scanes C G (1983). Influences of growth hormone on glucose uptake by avian adipose tissue. Poult Sci, 62(9): 1838-1845
|
| 185 |
Sanders K L, Lee M S (2007). Evaluating molecular clock calibrations using Bayesian analyses with soft and hard bounds. Biol Lett, 3(3): 275-279
|
| 186 |
Savenije B, Lambooij E, Gerritzen M A, Venema K, Korf J (2002). Effects of feed deprivation and transport on preslaughter blood metabolites, early postmortem muscle metabolites, and meat quality. Poult Sci, 81(5): 699-708
|
| 187 |
Savory C J (1985). An investigation into the role of the crop in control of feeding in Japanese quail and domestic fowls. Physiol Behav, 35(6): 917-928
|
| 188 |
Scanes C G (1992). Lipolytic and diabetogenic effects of native and biosynthetic growth hormone in the chicken: a re-evaluation. Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol, 101(4): 871-878
|
| 189 |
Scanes C G (2008). Perspectives on analytical techniques and standardization. Poult Sci, 87(11): 2175-2177
|
| 190 |
Scanes C G, Campbell R, Griminger P (1987). Control of energy balance during egg production in the laying hen. J Nutr, 117(3): 605-611
|
| 191 |
Schaub M, Jenni L (2001). Stopover durations of three warbler species along their autumn migration route. Oecologia, 128(2): 217-227
|
| 192 |
Seki Y, Sato K, Kono T, Akiba Y (2006). Two types of phosphofructokinase-1 differentially regulate the glycolytic pathway in insulin-stimulated chicken skeletal muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 143(3): 344-350
|
| 193 |
Sharp P J, Dunn I C, Waddington D, Boswell T (2008). Chicken leptin. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 158(1): 2-4
|
| 194 |
Shen X X, Liang D, Wen J Z, Zhang P (2011). Multiple genome alignments facilitate development of NPCL markers: a case study of tetrapod phylogeny focusing on the position of turtles. Mol Biol Evol, 28(12): 3237-3252
|
| 195 |
Shini S, Kaiser P (2009). Effects of stress, mimicked by administration of corticosterone in drinking water, on the expression of chicken cytokine and chemokine genes in lymphocytes. Stress, 12(5): 388-399
|
| 196 |
Shini S, Kaiser P, Shini A, Bryden W L (2008). Biological response of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) induced by corticosterone and a bacterial endotoxin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 149(2): 324-333
|
| 197 |
Shini S, Shini A, Kaiser P (2010). Cytokine and chemokine gene expression profiles in heterophils from chickens treated with corticosterone. Stress, 13(3): 185-194
|
| 198 |
Shiraishi J, Yanagita K, Fukumori R, Sugino T, Fujita M, Kawakami S, McMurtry J P, Bungo T (2011). Comparisons of insulin related parameters in commercial-type chicks: Evidence for insulin resistance in broiler chicks. Physiol Behav, 103(2): 233-239
|
| 199 |
Siegel P B, Gross W B, Dunnington E A (1989). Effects of dietary corticosterone in young Leghorn and meat-type cockerels. Br PoultSci, 30(1): 185-192
|
| 200 |
Silpananta P, Goodridge A G (1971). Synthesis and degradation of malic enzyme in chick liver. J Biol Chem, 246(18): 5754-5761
|
| 201 |
Silva L F, Riani-Costa C C, Ramos P R, Takahira R K (2011). Seasonal influence on biochemical profile and serum protein electrophoresis for Boa constrictor amarali in captivity. Braz J Biol, 71(2): 517-520
|
| 202 |
Simon J, Rosebrough R W, McMurtry J P, Steele N C, Roth J, Adamo M, LeRoith D (1986). Fasting and refeeding alter the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase in chicken liver but fail to affect brain insulin receptors. J Biol Chem, 261(36): 17081-17088
|
| 203 |
Simon J, Derouet M, Gespach C (2000). An anti-insulin serum, but not a glucagon antagonist, alters glycemia in fed chickens. Horm Metab Res, 32(04): 139-141
|
| 204 |
Simon J, Laurent S, Grolleau G, Thoraval P, Soubieux D, Rasschaert D (2004). Evolution of preproinsulin gene in birds. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 30(3): 755-766
|
| 205 |
Simon J, Rideau N, Taouis M, Dupont J (2011). Plasma insulin levels are rather similar in chicken and rat. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 171(3): 267-268
|
| 206 |
Sinsigalli N A, McMurtry J P, Cherry J A, Siegel P B (1987). Glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and immunoreactive glucagon in chickens selected for high and low body weight. J Nutr, 117(5): 941-947
|
| 207 |
Song Z G, Zhang X H, Zhu L X, Jiao H C, Lin H (2011). Dexamethasone alters the expression of genes related to the growth of skeletal muscle in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). J Mol Endocrinol, 46(3): 217-225
|
| 208 |
Speakman J R, Selman C (2003). Physical activity and resting metabolic rate. Proc Nutr Soc, 62(03): 621-634
|
| 209 |
Spée M, Marchal L, Thierry A M, Chastel O, Enstipp M, Le Maho Y, Beaulieu M, Raclot T (2011). Exogenous corticosterone mimics a late fasting stage in captive Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 300(5): R1241-R1249
|
| 210 |
Stambaugh T, Houdek B J, Lombardo M P, Thorpe P A, Hahn D C (2011). Innate immune response development in nestling tree swallows. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 123(4): 779-787
|
| 211 |
Stier K S, Almasi B, Gasparini J, Piault R, Roulin A, Jenni L (2009). Effects of corticosterone on innate and humoral immune functions and oxidative stress in barn owl nestlings. J Exp Biol, 212(13): 2085-2091
|
| 212 |
Stroesser M, Cohen T L, Harvey S, Mialhe P (1980). Somatostatin stimulates glucagon secretion in ducks. Diabetogia, 18(4): 319-322
|
| 213 |
Strosser M T, Di Scala-Guenot D, Koch B, Mialhe P (1983). Inhibitory effect and mode of action of somatostatin on lipolysis in chicken adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 763(2): 191-196
|
| 214 |
Suarez R K, Herrera M L G, Welch K C Jr (2011). The sugar oxidation cascade: aerial refueling in hummingbirds and nectar bats. J Exp Biol, 214(2): 172-178
|
| 215 |
Suniga R G, Oscar T P (1994). Triiodothyronine attenuates somatostatin inhibition of broiler adipocyte lipolysis. Poult Sci, 73(4): 564-570
|
| 216 |
Sunny N E, Bequette B J (2010). Gluconeogenesis differs in developing chick embryos derived from small compared with typical size broiler breeder eggs. J Anim Sci, 88(3): 912-921
|
| 217 |
Sweazea K L, Braun E J (2006a). Glucose transporter expression in English sparrows (Passer domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 144(3): 263-270
|
| 218 |
Sweazea K L, Braun E J (2006b). Oleic acid uptake by in vitro English sparrow skeletal muscle. J Exp Zool A Comp. Exp Biol, 305(3): 268-276
|
| 219 |
Sweazea K L, McMurtry J P, Braun E J (2006). Inhibition of lipolysis does not affect insulin sensitivity to glucose uptake in the mourning dove. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 144(3): 387-394
|
| 220 |
Swensson E, Råberg L, Koch C, Hasselquist D (1998). Energetic stress, immune-suppression and the cost of an antibody response. Funct Ecol, 12(6): 912-919
|
| 221 |
Tachibana T, Matsumoto M, Furuse M, Hasegawa S, Yoshizawa F, Sugahara K (2003). Central, but not peripheral, glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits crop emptying in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 134(4): 777-781
|
| 222 |
Tachibana T, Matsuda K, Sawa H, Mikami A, Ueda H, Cline M A (2010). Differential thresholds of neuromedins B-, C-, and bombesin-induced anorexia and crop-emptying rate in chicks. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 169(2): 144-150
|
| 223 |
Tahmoorespur M, Ghazanfari S, Nobari K (2010). Evaluation of adiponectin gene expression in the abdominal adipose tissue of broiler chickens: feed restriction, dietary energy, and protein influences adiponectin messenger ribonucleic acid expression. Poult Sci, 89(10): 2092-2100
|
| 224 |
Takahashi K, Aoki A, Takimoto T, Akiba Y (2008). Dietary supplementation of glycine modulates inflammatory response indicators in broiler chickens. Br J Nutr, 100(05): 1019-1028
|
| 225 |
Takeuchi S, Teshigawara K, Takahashi S (1999). Molecular cloning and characterization of the chicken pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1450(3): 452-459
|
| 226 |
Tako E, Ferket P R, Uni Z (2004). Effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on the development of chicken intestine. Poult Sci, 83(12): 2023-2028
|
| 227 |
Tinker D A, Brosnan J T, Herzberg G R (1986). Interorgan metabolism of amino acids, glucose, lactate, glycerol and uric acid in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Biochem J, 240(3): 829-836
|
| 228 |
Tokushima Y, Takahashi K, Sato K, Akiba Y (2005). Glucose uptake in vivo in skeletal muscles of insulin-injected chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 141(1): 43-48
|
| 229 |
Totzke U, Hübinger A, Bairlein F (1998). Glucose utilization rate and pancreatic hormone response to oral glucose loads are influenced by the migratory condition and fasting in the garden warbler (Sylvia borin). J Endocrinol, 158(2): 191-196
|
| 230 |
Totzke U, Hübinger A, Dittami J, Bairlein F (2000). The autumnal fattening of the long-distance migratory garden warbler (Sylvia borin) is stimulated by intermittent fasting. J Comp Physiol B, 170(8): 627-631
|
| 231 |
Trampel D W, Sell J L, Ahn D U, Sebranek J G (2005). Preharvest feed withdrawal affects liver lipid and liver color in broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 84(1): 137-142
|
| 232 |
Turk E, Wright E M (1997). Membrane topology motifs in the SGLT cotransporter family. J Membr Biol, 159(1): 1-20
|
| 233 |
Vaillancourt E, Weber J M (2007). Lipid mobilization of long-distance migrant birds in vivo: the high lipolytic rate of ruff sandpipers is not stimulated during shivering. J Exp Biol, 210(7): 1161-1169
|
| 234 |
van der Most P J, de Jong B, Parmentier H K, Verhulst S (2011). Trade-off between growth and immune function: ameta-analysis of selection experiments. Functional Ecology 25(1): 74-80
|
| 235 |
Verstappen F A, Lumeij J T, Bronneberg R G (2002). Plasma chemistry reference values in ostriches. J Wildl Dis, 38(1): 154-159
|
| 236 |
Viswanathan M, John T M, George J C, Etches R J (1987). Flight effects on plasma glucose, lactate, catecholamines and corticosterone in homing pigeons. Horm Metab Res, 19(09): 400-402
|
| 237 |
Wang F, Lu L, Yuan H, Tian Y, Li J, Shen J, Tao Z, Fu Y (2011). Molecular cloning, expression, and regulation of goose leptin receptor gene in adipocytes. Mol Cell Biochem, 353(1-2): 267-274
|
| 238 |
Wang Y, Lance V A, Nielsen P F, Conlon J M (1999). Neuroendocrine peptides (insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, galanin, somatostatin, substance P, and neuropeptide gamma) from the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii. Peptides, 20(6): 713-722
|
| 239 |
Wang Y, Li J, Yan Kwok A H, Ge W, Leung F C (2010). A novel prolactin-like protein (PRL-L) gene in chickens and zebrafish: cloning and characterization of its tissue expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 166(1): 200-210
|
| 240 |
Warriss P D, Kestin S C, Brown S N, Bevis E A (1988). Depletion of glycogen reserves in fasting broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 29(1): 149-154
|
| 241 |
Watford M (1985). Gluconeogenesis in the chicken: regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression. Fed Proc, 44(8): 2469-2474
|
| 242 |
Watford M (1989). Hormonal and nutritional regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA levels in chicken kidney. J Nutr, 119(2): 319-322
|
| 243 |
West B, Zhou B X (1988). Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication. J Archaeol Sci, 14(5): 515-533
|
| 244 |
Wilson S B, Back D W, Morris S M Jr, Swierczynski J, Goodridge A G (1986). Hormonal regulation of lipogenic enzymes in chick embryo hepatocytes in culture. Expression of the fatty acid synthase gene is regulated at both translational and pretranslational steps. J Biol Chem, 261(32): 15179-15182
|
| 245 |
Yeh Y Y, Leveille G A (1970). Hepatic fatty acid synthesis and plasma free fatty acid levels in chicks subjected to short periods of food restriction and refeeding. J Nutr, 100(12): 1389-1397
|
| 246 |
Yi G F, Allee G L, Knight C D, Dibner J J (2005). Impact of glutamine and Oasis hatchling supplement on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune response of broilers vaccinated and challenged with Eimeria maxima. Poult Sci, 84(2): 283-293
|
| 247 |
Yoda T, Crawshaw L I, Yoshida K, Su L, Hosono T, Shido O, Sakurada S, Fukuda Y, Kanosue K (2000). Effects of food deprivation on daily changes in body temperature and behavioral thermoregulation in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 278(1): R134-R139
|
| 248 |
Yokota S D, Benyajati S, Dantzler W H (1985). Comparative aspects of glomerular filtration in vertebrates. Ren Physiol, 8(4-5): 193-221
|
| 249 |
Yuan L, Lin H, Jiang K J, Jiao H C, Song Z G (2008). Corticosterone administration and high-energy feed results in enhanced fat accumulation and insulin resistance in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 49(4): 487-495
|
| 250 |
Zajac D M, Cerasale D J, Landman S, Guglielmo C G (2011). Behavioral and physiological effects of photoperiod-induced migratory state and leptin on Zonotrichia albicollis3: II. Effects on fatty acid metabolism. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 174(3): 269-275
|
| 251 |
Zhang W H, Jiang Y, Zhu Q F, Gao F, Dai S F, Chen J, Zhou G H (2011). Sodium butyrate maintains growth performance by regulating the immune response in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 52(3): 292-301
|
| 252 |
Zhao J P, Lin H, Jiao H C, Song Z G (2009a). Corticosterone suppresses insulin- and NO-stimulated muscle glucose uptake in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 149(3): 448-454
|
| 253 |
Zhao J P, Jiao H C, Song Z G, Lin H (2009b). Effects of L-arginine supplementation on glucose and nitric oxide (NO) levels and activity of NO synthase in corticosterone-challenged broiler chickens (Gallus gallus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 150(4): 474-480
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |