Avian metabolism: its control and evolution

Abstract

This review discussed metabolism in poultry and wild birds with an emphasis on what remains to be elucidated. Circulating concentrations of glucose are much greater in both poultry and wild birds than in mammals which in turn are higher than in reptiles. The basis for this difference is unknown but does not appear to be related to the requirements of flight. Furthermore, birds exhibit a refractoriness to potential adverse effects of very high circulating concentrations of glucose. Again the basis of this is unclear. There is substantial information on the control of metabolism in poultry, although which hormones are exerting physiologic roles remains to be clarified. There is a tacit but unverified assumption that the control mechanisms are the same in wild birds and in poultry. Despite, significant research focus on metabolism in poultry and to a less extent wild birds, there is a dearth of studies determining metabolism in a quantitative manner.

Keywords

metabolism / bird / circulating glucose / glucagon / insulin

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Acknowledgments

The authors express their appreciation to Sara Holt (Department of Biologic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA) for advice on phylogeny and for Fig. 2 Based on avian insulin sequences in Simon et al., 2004

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