Neuronal activity controls the development of interneurons in the somatosensory cortex

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Neuronal activity in cortical areas regulates neurodevelopment by interacting with defined genetic programs to shape the mature central nervous system. Electrical activity is conveyed to sensory cortical areas via intracortical and thalamocortical neurons, and includes oscillatory patterns that have been measured across cortical regions.

OBJECTIVE: In this work, we review the most recent findings about how electrical activity shapes the developmental assembly of functional circuitry in the somatosensory cortex, with an emphasis on interneuron maturation and integration. We include studies on the effect of various neurotransmitters and on the influence of thalamocortical afferent activity on circuit development. We additionally reviewed studies describing network activity patterns.

METHODS: We conducted an extensive literature search using both the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. The following keywords were used in various iterations: “interneuron”, “somatosensory”, “development”, “activity”, “network patterns”, “thalamocortical”, “NMDA receptor”, “plasticity”. We additionally selected papers known to us from past reading, and those recommended to us by reviewers and members of our lab.

RESULTS: We reviewed a total of 132 articles that focused on the role of activity in interneuronal migration, maturation, and circuit development, as well as the source of electrical inputs and patterns of cortical activity in the somatosensory cortex. 79 of these papers included in this timely review were written between 2007 and 2016.

CONCLUSIONS: Neuronal activity shapes the developmental assembly of functional circuitry in the somatosensory cortical interneurons. This activity impacts nearly every aspect of development and acquisition of mature neuronal characteristics, and may contribute to changing phenotypes, altered transmitter expression, and plasticity in the adult. Progressively changing oscillatory network patterns contribute to this activity in the early postnatal period, although a direct requirement for specific patterns and origins of activity remains to be demonstrated.

Key words： interneuron; neurodevelopment; neuroplasticity; thalamocortical; NMDA receptors; neuronal maturation

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to A. Che, P. Chu, and S. Z. Duan for comments on the manuscript. N.V.D.M.G. is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (5 R00 MH095825 05; 1 R01 MH110553 01), the Leon Levy Foundation, and Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE). R.B. is supported by a Medical Scientist Training Program grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH under award number T32GM07739 to the Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Rachel Babij, Natalia De Marco Garcia declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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