REVIEW

New insights into transcriptional and leukemogenic mechanisms of AML1-ETO and E2A fusion proteins

  • Jian Li ,
  • Chun Guo ,
  • Nickolas Steinauer ,
  • Jinsong Zhang
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  • Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA

Received date: 05 May 2016

Accepted date: 08 Jul 2016

Published date: 30 Aug 2016

Copyright

2016 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Nearly 15% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases are caused by aberrant expression of AML1-ETO, a fusion protein generated by the t(8;21) chromosomal translocation. Since its discovery, AML1-ETO has served as a prototype to understand how leukemia fusion proteins deregulate transcription to promote leukemogenesis. Another leukemia fusion protein, E2A-Pbx1, generated by the t(1;19) translocation, is involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs). While AML1-ETO and E2A-Pbx1 are structurally unrelated fusion proteins, we have recently shown that a common axis, the ETO/E-protein interaction, is involved in the regulation of both fusion proteins, underscoring the importance of studying protein–protein interactions in elucidating the mechanisms of leukemia fusion proteins.

OBJECTIVE: In this review, we aim to summarize these new developments while also providing a historic overview of the related early studies.

METHODS: A total of 218 publications were reviewed in this article, a majority of which were published after 2004. We also downloaded 3D structures of AML1-ETO domains from Protein Data Bank and provided a systematic summary of their structures.

RESULTS: By reviewing the literature, we summarized early and recent findings on AML1-ETO, including its protein–protein interactions, transcriptional and leukemogenic mechanisms, as well as the recently reported involvement of ETO family corepressors in regulating the function of E2A-Pbx1.

CONCLUSION: While the recent development in genomic and structural studies has clearly demonstrated that the fusion proteins function by directly regulating transcription, a further understanding of the underlying mechanisms, including crosstalk with other transcription factors and cofactors, and the protein–protein interactions in the context of native proteins, may be necessary for the development of highly targeted drugs for leukemia therapy.

Cite this article

Jian Li , Chun Guo , Nickolas Steinauer , Jinsong Zhang . New insights into transcriptional and leukemogenic mechanisms of AML1-ETO and E2A fusion proteins[J]. Frontiers in Biology, 2016 , 11(4) : 285 -304 . DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1415-1

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01HL093195, R21CA178513 (to J.Z.) and by the President's Research Fund from Saint Louis University (to J.Z.) We apologize for not being able to cite all related references in this review due to length limitations in the main text and references.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Jian Li, Chun Guo, Nickolas Steinauer and Jinsong Zhang declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
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