A comprehensive review on bioactive compounds from Lycium seeds: extraction, characterization, bioactivities, and applications

Abstract

Lycium, known for its medicinal, nutritional, and food applications, is widely utilized in various food, pharmaceutical, and health-related industries. However, Lycium seeds as a byproduct of Lycium processing are still not fully utilized, resulting in a waste of green resources. About 20-25% of Lycium seeds are wasted due to inefficient disposal practices. In this work, the bioactive compounds from Lycium seeds, including oils, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and other components, along with the methods used for their extraction are summarized. Differences in extraction techniques, yields, and bioactivities are analyzed to provide insights into optimizing these processes. The review also highlights the diverse bioactivities of Lycium seed extracts, such as anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-aging, and anti-atherosclerotic effects, delving into their functional mechanisms. Furthermore, it explores the potential applications of Lycium seed-derived bioactive compounds in pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and animal husbandry, emphasizing their value in enhancing food processing practices. This comprehensive review aims to bridge the knowledge gap, offering theoretical support for the broader application of Lycium seeds in industries such as food, healthcare, and agriculture.

Keywords

Lycium seeds / Extraction / Bioactive compounds / Biological activities / Applications

Author contributions

The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: Li Y: wrote the main manuscript text and prepared Figs 1 & 2, the graphical abstract, and Tables 3 & 4; Shen R: wrote the main manuscript text prepared Fig. 1, Tables 1 & 2; Wang S: participated in literature analysis and contributed to the main manuscript text; Zhang J: contributed to the manuscript text and assisted with revisions; Deng J: performed the final review and editing of the manuscript; Liu Y: provided critical revisions to the structure and content of the manuscript and conducted proofreading; Sun Q: performed the final review and editing of the manuscript; Yang H : supervised and guided the entire writing process, provided academic support, and performed the final review and editing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Data availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32422069), China Agricultural UniversityCornell University dual-degree program undergraduate research fund.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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