Gut microbiota-associated metabolites in metabolic diseases and their impact from food processing

Abstract

Gut microbiota-associated metabolites can be synthesized endogenously or derived from dietary nutrients and host compounds. Among them, alkaloids, terpenes, and flavones originating from edible and medicinal foods have attracted remarkable interest recently and play crucial roles in metabolic diseases. The efficacy of these metabolites is susceptible to dietary intervention, especially after food processing. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the different sources of common gut microbial metabolites, including microbial self-synthesis, biodegradation of exogenous substances (mainly dietary nutrients), and participation in host metabolism. In addition, the latest studies on novel metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids are discussed, and their action mechanisms on metabolic diseases are elaborated. How food processing impacts dietary nutrients and their metabolites is carefully examined, as well as their effects on disease modification. These insights could contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which diet efficacy helps prevent metabolic diseases, particularly through gut microbial metabolites.

Keywords

Metabolites / Gut microbiota / Metabolic diseases / Food processing

Author contributions

The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: writing - original draft: Huang A; visualization: Huang A, Chen M; writing - review & editing: Ding Y, Zhu Z, Thanuphol P, da Cruz LL, Xie Z; supervision: Ding Y, Zhang F, Zhu Z; resources: Wu Q, Ding Y, Zhu Z; project administration: Ding Y, Zhu Z; funding acquisition: Wu Q, Ding Y, Zhu Z. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023A1515010744), National Natural Science Foundation of China (32202014), GDAS' Project of Science and Technology Development (2022GDASZH-2022010101), and State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China (SKLAM002-2022).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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