Satellites in addressing climate change: Trends, challenges, and future directions

Abstract

Addressing climate change has become a global priority, and satellites play an important role. This study provides a bibliometric analysis and review of satellite-based climate change research from the perspectives of mitigation and adaptation strategies from 1994 to 2025. The analysis reveals a shift from early emphases on climate change, atmospheric CO₂, and remote sensing toward emerging topics involving vegetation, land use, air quality, variability, and land-cover dynamics. Existing satellite-based studies on climate change mitigation focus on identifying emission hotspots and quantifying CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from ecosystems and socioeconomic systems, while N₂O and emissions from industrial processes and waste remain underexplored. Satellite-based climate change adaptation has been used to assess water resources, agricultural systems, forest cover, and sea level rise, yet challenges such as uneven water distribution, agricultural instability, forest degradation, and sea-level rise, as well as their impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity, remain insufficiently addressed. The study provides valuable future research directions for satellite-based climate change research.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

satellite / climate change / mitigation / adaptation / greenhouse gas

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