Effect of oilseeds rich in linoleic and linolenic acids on milk production and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Abstract

Nine multiparous cows averaging 93±13 days in milk production (DIM) were used in a triple 3×3 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding them whole roasted flaxseed, cracked roasted soybean and fresh alfalfa in the diet on milk production, milk fatty acid profiles and the digestibility of nutrients. Each experimental period lasted 30 d and a sample collection was performed during the last 7 d. The cows were fed on the control basal diet (CON) or diets containing whole roasted flaxseed (FLA) or cracked roasted soybean (SOY). All diets were fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) and had similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), Net Energy Lactation (NEL), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly different (P>0.05), but tended to increase in FLA and SOY diets compared with the control (P>0.05). Cows in all treatments had a similar milk yield, although 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield was higher on the FLA and SOY diets than on the CON diet. Milk fat percentage (3.45%) increased in the FLA diet compared with the control (3.31%) and SOY diets (3.39%). Milk protein percentages were similar among the diets (P>0.05). There were similar digestibilities of DM, CP and ADF among the treatments and lower digestibilities of NDF and ether extract in the SOY diet compared with the CON diet. Feeding various oilseeds significantly increased the concentrations of C_18∶1, C_18∶3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The FLA diet decreased the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty-acids in the milk, which would improve the nutritive value of the milk.

Keywords

oilseed / conjugated linoleic acid / milk fatty acid / dairy cow

References

[1] AbuGhazaleh A, Schingoethe D J, Hippen A R (2002). Feeding fish meal and extruded soybeans enhances the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk. J Dairy Sci, 85: 624-631

[2] AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Arlington, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists International

[3] Bauman D E, Corl B A, Baumgard L H, Griinari J M (2001). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the dairy cow. In: Garnsworthy P C, Wiseman J, eds. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition-2001. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 221-250

[4] Casper D P, Schingoethe D J, Eisenbeisz W A (1990). Response of early lactation cows to diets that vary in ruminal degradability of carbohydrates and amount of fat. J Dairy Sci, 73: 425-444

[5] Chouinard P Y, Le’vesque J, Girard V, Brisson G J (1997). Dietary soybeans extruded at different temperatures: Milk composition and in situ fatty acid reactions. J Dairy Sci, 80: 2913-2924

[6] Dhiman T R, Anand G R, Satter L D, Pariza M W (1999b). Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. J Dairy Sci, 82: 2146-2156

[7] Dhiman T R, Helmink E D, McMahon D J, Fife R L, Pariza M W (1999a). Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese from cows fed extruded oilseeds. J Dairy Sci, 82: 412-419

[8] Dhiman T R, Satter L D, Pariza M W, Galli M P, Albridht K, Tolosa M X (2000). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J Dairy Sci, 83: 1016-1027

[9] Dhiman T R, Zanten K V, Satter L D (1995). Effect of dietary fat source on fatty acid composition of cow’s milk. J Sci Food Agric, 69: 101-107

[10] French P, Stanton C, Lawless F, O’Riordan E G, Monahan F J, Caffrey P J, Moloney A P (2000). Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage, or concentrate-based diets. J Anim Sci, 78: 2849-2855

[11] Grummer R R (1991). Effect of feed on the composition of milk fat. J Dairy Sci, 74: 3244-3257

[12] Huth P J, DiRienzo D B, Miller G D (2006). Major scientific advances with dairy foods in nutrition and health. J Dairy Sci, 89: 1207-1221

[13] Kelly M L, Kolver E S, Bauman D E, Van Amburgh M E, Muller L D (1998). Effect of intake of pasture on concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid in milk of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci, 81: 1630-1636

[14] Kennelly J J (1996). The fatty acid composition of milk fat as influenced by feeding oilseeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 60: 137-152

[15] Kepler C R, Tove S B (1967). Biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. J Biol Chem, 242: 5686-5692

[16] Kim Y K, Schingoethe D J, Casper D P, Ludens F C (1993). Supplemental dietary fat from extruded soybeans and calcium soaps of fatty acids for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 76: 197-204

[17] Mohamed O E, Satter L D, Grummer R R, Ehle F R (1988). Influence of dietary cottonseed and soybean on milk production and composition. J Dairy Sci, 71: 2677-2688

[18] Mustafa A F, Chouinard P Y, Christensen D A (2003). Effects of feeding micronised flaxseed on yield and composition of milk from Holstein cows. J Sci Food Agric, 83: 920-926

[19] Mustafa A F, McKinnon J J, Christensen D A, He T (2002). Effects of micronization of flaxseed on nutrient disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract of steers. Anim Feed Sci Techno, 95: 123-132

[20] National Research Council(NRC) (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th ed. Washington D C: National Acacemy Press

[21] Ney D M (1991). Potential for enhancing the nutritional properties of milk fat. J Dairy Sci, 74: 4002-4012

[22] Palmquist D L, Jenkins T C (1980). Fat in lactation rations: A review. J Dairy Sci, 63: 1-14

[23] Petit H V (2002). Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed whole flaxseed. J Dairy Sci, 85: 1482-1490

[24] Petit H V (2003). Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed formaldehyde treated flaxseed or sunflower seed. J Dairy Sci, 86: 2637-2646

[25] SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 8 Edition (1999). Cary (NC): SAS Inst, Inc

[26] Scott T A, Combs D K, Grummer R R (1991). Effects of roasting, extrusion, and particle size on the feeding value of soybeans for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 74: 2555-2565

[27] Selner D R, Schultz L H (1980). Effects of feeding oleic acid or hydrogenated vegetable oils to lactating cows. J Dairy Sci, 63: 1235-1241

[28] Simopoulos A P (2001). n-3-fatty acids and human health, Defining strategies for public policy. Lipids, 36(Suppl 1): S83-89

[29] Sol Morales M, Palmquist D L, Weiss W P (2000). Effects of fat source and copper on unsaturation of blood and milk triacylglycerol fatty acids in Holstein and Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci, 83: 2105-2111

[30] Stegeman G A, Casper D P, Schingoethe D J, Baer R J (1992). Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated dietary fat and receiving bovine somatotropin. J Dairy Sci, 75: 1936-1945

[31] Sukhija P S, Palmquist D L (1988). Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces. J Agric Food Chem, 36: 1202-1206

[32] Tice E M, Eastridge M L, Firkins J L (1994). Raw soybeans and roasted soybeans of different particle sizes. 2. Fatty acid utilization by lactating cows. J Dairy Sci, 77: 166-180

[33] Van Soest P J, Robertson J B, Lewis B A (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci, 74: 3583-3597

[34] Wright T, McBride B, Holub B (1998). Docosahexaenoic acid enriched milk. World Rev Nutr Diet, 83: 160-165

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program, China (No. 2006BAD04A10), Scientific and Technical Innovation Project of Hebei province, China (Nos. 07227146Z; 06547004D-6) and Special Scientific Research Program of Ministry of Agriculture, China (Nos. nyhyzx07-036-04; nycytx-10).

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg