Genetic potential analysis of German mirror carp ( L.) using microsatellite markers

Abstract

Using 30 microsatellite markers and combining quantifiable characteristics such as body weight, body length and body width, we evaluated the genetic potential of 3 German mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) populations. Number of effective alleles (Ae), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity values and polymorphic information contents (PIC) were all calculated. Two hundred and eighty-seven alleles and 559 genotypes were detected. The DNA fragment length was 109–400 bp. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium was checked and the phenomenon of some disequilibrium was studied according to the ?² test. The results showed that the level of genetic variability was moderate, but genetic potential of Shuanglai population was much lower than that of Huanxin and Songpu breeding populations. PIC of the three populations of German mirror carp were between 0.08787 and 0.5377, both highly and moderately polymorphic markers were 13. The number of the Ae was between 1.1014 and 6.4665. The Ho and He heterozygosity values were 0.0968–0.9892 and 0.0926–0.8554, respectively. The linkage correlation was analyzed using the data of body weight, body length and body width, and 30 loci. The result showed that there existed 2 loci, HLJ319 and HLJ693, associated with body length. The HLJ693 locus was significantly correlated with body weight trait. The HLJ677 locus was linked with body width. And then the result was verified in Recombinant Inbred Lines (RIL) of common carp. It showed that the HLJ319 locus was significantly linked with body length, the same as the result of quantitative trait loci (QTL) location for common carp.

References

1. Aliah R S, Takagi M, Dong S, Teoh C T, Taniguchi N (1999). Isolation and inheritanceof microsatellite markers in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). FisheriesScience, 65(2): 235–239
2. Botstein D, White R L, Skolnick M, Davis R W (1980). Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragmentlength polymorphisms. American Journalof Human Genetics, 32: 314–331
3. Crooijmans R P M A, Poel J J, Groenen M A M, Bierbooms V A F, Komen J (1997). Microsatellitemarkers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Animal Genetics, 28: 129–134. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1997.00097.x
4. David L, Blum S, Feldman M W, Lavi U, Hillel J (2003). Recent duplicationof the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) genome as revealed by analyses of microsatellite loci. Mol Biol Evol, 20(9): 1425–1434. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg173
5. David L, Rajasekaran P, Fang J, Hillel J, Lavi U (2001). Polymorphism in ornamentaland common carp strains (Cyprinus carpio L.) as revealed by AFLP analysis and a new set of microsatellitemarkers. Molecule Genetic Genomics, 266(3): 353–362. doi:10.1007/s004380100569
6. De Woody J A, Avise J C (2000). Microsatellitevariation in marine, freshwater and anadromous fishes compared withother animals. Journal of Fish Biology, 56: 461–473. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00748.x
7. Du C B, Sun X W, Lou Y D, Shen J B (2000). The genetic heterozygosity analysis to wild carp and two cultivatedstrains of common carp using microsatellite technique. Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University, 9(4): 285–289 (in Chinese)
8. Garcia F J, Chikhi L, Bonhomme E (1997). Microsatellite polymorphism and populationsubdivision in natural populations of European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Molecular Biology, 6: 51–62
9. Geng B, Sun X W, Liang L Q, Ouyang H S, Tong J G (2006). Analysis the geneticdiversity of Aristichthys nobilis in China with 17 microsatellite markers. Heredita (Beijing), 28(6): 683–688 (in Chinese)
10. Hu X S, Li C T, Ma B, Shi L Y (2006). Preliminary studies on genetic variability of red mirror carp atsix microsatellite loci. Journal of Fisheries, 19(2): 37–41 (in Chinese)
11. Kimura M, Crow J F (1964). The numberof alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics, 49: 725–738
12. Knott S A, Marklund L, Haley C S, Andersson K, Davies W, Ellegren H, Fredholm M, Hansson I, Hoyheim B, Lundström K, Moller M, Andersson L (1998). Multiple marker mapping of quantitativetrait loci in a cross between outbred wild boar and large white pigs. Genetics, 149(2): 1069–1080
13. Kohlmann K, Gross R, Murakaeva A, Kersten P (2003). Genetic variability and structure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) populations throughout thedistribution range inferred from allozyme, microsatellite and mitochondrialDNA markers. Aquatic Living resources, 16: 421–431. doi:10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00082-2
14. Lal K K, Chauhan T, Mandal A, Singh R K, Khulbe L, Ponniah A G, Mohindra V (2004). Identificationof microsatellite DNA markers for population structure analysis inIndian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1882). Journal ofApplied Ichthyology, 20(2): 87–91. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2003.00538.x
15. Li S F (1983). Application of genetic theory and technique to the propagationof cyprinide. Journal of Fisheries of China, 7(2): 175–184 (in Chinese)
16. Liang L Q, Sun X W (2003). Mappingcold tolerance strain on genetic linkage map of common carp. Journal of Dalian Fisheries University, 18(4): 278–281 (in Chinese)
17. Liao X L, Yu X M, Tong J (2006). Genetic diversity of common carpfrom two largest Chinese lakes and the Yangtze River revealed by microsatellitemarkers. Hydrobiologia, 568: 445–453 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1007/s10750-006-0222-0
18. Liu M H, Bai Q L, Shen J B (1995). Choose breeding and application researchof Germany mirror carp. Journal of Fisheriesof Heilongjiang, 61(3): 4–10 (in Chinese)
19. Majumder P, Ghosh S (2005). Mappingquantitative trait loci in humans: achievements and limitations. Journal of Clinic Investion, 115(6): 1419–1424. doi:10.1172/JCI24757
20. Quan Y C, Li D Y, Cao D C, Sun X W, Liang L Q (2006). Population geneticvariation and structure analysis on five populations of mirror carp Cyprinus carpio L. using microsatellites. Hereditas (Beijing), 28(12): 1541–1548 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/yc-006-1541
21. Quan Y C, Sun X W, Liang L Q (2005). Microsatellite variation among fourbreeding populations of common Carps. ZoologicalResearch, 28(6): 595–602 (in Chinese)
22. Reid D P, Szanto A, Glebe B (2005). QTL for body weight and conditionfactor in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): comparative analysis withrainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Heredity, 94: 166–172. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800590
23. Shen J B, Liu M H (2000). BreedingResearch of Common Carp. Harbin: Sciences Technology Press, 132–162 (in Chinese)
24. Shen J B, Yan Y Q (1987). Comparativestudies on the inheritance of the major morphological traits of Cyprinus pellegrini, C. carpio (scattered), C. carpio (red carp) and their hybrid F₁. Acta Genetica Sinica, 4(1): 49–55 (in Chinese)
25. Sun X W, Liang L Q (2004). A geneticlinkage map of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and mapping of a locus associated with cold tolerance. Aquaculture, 238: 165–172. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00445-9
26. Taniguchi N (2003). Genetic factors in bloodstock management for seed production. Fish Biology and Fisheries, 13: 177–185. doi:10.1023/B:RFBF.0000019479.49749.fe
27. Wang Q, Liu M H (1994). Comparativeanalysis of isenzyme tries about Germany carp, Scatted carp and Songpucarp using electrophoresis. Chinese Journalof Fisheries, 7(2): 68–72 (in Chinese)
28. Wei D W, Lou Y D, Sun X W, Shen J B (2001). Isolation of microsatellite markers in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Zoological Research, 22(3): 238–241 (in Chinese)
29. Yalcin B, Flint J, Mott R (2005). Using progenitor strain informationto identify quantitative trait nucleotides in outbred mice. Genetics, 171(2): 673–681.. doi: 10.1534/genetics.104.028902
30. Yin H B, Liu M H, Shen J B, Sun Z W (1995). Nucleontype research of Germany mirror carp. Biology Technology, 5(3): 16–18 (in Chinese)
31. Yue G H, Ho M Y, Orban L, Komen J (2004). Microsatellites within genes and ESTs of common carp and their applicabilityin silver crucian carp. Aquaculture, 234: 85–98. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.12.021
32. Zhang Y, Liang L Q, Chang Y M, Hou N, Lu C Y, Sun X W (2007). Mapping and genetic effect analysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) quantitative trait locirelated to body length. Hereditas (Beijing), 29(10): 1243–1248 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/yc-007-1243