Survival of breast cancer: the impact of screening and treatment in different countries of the world

Abstract

Breast cancer survival is shaped by a complex interaction of tumor-specific, biological, and patient-related factors. Stage at diagnosis remains the strongest predictor of outcome. Tumor size, nodal involvement, and histologic grade further aid in prognostic prediction by reflecting the biological aggressiveness of the disease. Since the early 2000s, molecular characteristics gained importance in risk stratification. Hormone receptor-positive cancers generally respond well to endocrine therapy, while HER2-positive tumors, once associated with poor outcomes, now benefit from targeted therapy. Newer agents and combinations such as CDK4/6 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors are being investigated recently. Patient factors, including age, comorbidities, and overall health, also influence outcome and treatment tolerance. Cardiovascular toxicity from chemotherapy and radiotherapy has become an important consideration, particularly in the elderly. Although modern radiotherapy techniques have reduced cardiac risks, long-term cardiovascular mortality remains a competing cause of death in many survivors. Studies comparing breast-conserving therapy with mastectomy suggest improved overall survival with the former, partly due to reduced treatment morbidity. Early detection through mammography, ultrasound, and awareness campaigns greatly improves survival, yet access remains unequal in low-resource settings. Strengthening healthcare systems, tailoring treatments, expanding multidisciplinary care and improving public education are essential. Affordable personalized therapies, better infrastructure, and international collaboration can reduce disparities and enhance global breast cancer outcomes. Our international team researched literature information as well as summarizing up-to-date opinions from global experts, including those with limited resources and war-torn regions.

Keywords

breast cancer / relative survival / clinical trials / screening / global healthcare / cardiac morbidity / radiotherapy / personalized therapy

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