Exploring immunotherapeutic strategies for bacterial and viral diseases

Abstract

The global socioeconomic and health impacts of microbial diseases cannot be overemphasized. The emergence of the coronavirus in 2019 and the ongoing threat of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and hepatitis, remind us of the impact these infections have on economic stability and global health. Gaps in the treatment of microbial infections and their contribution to increased mortality necessitate holistic and long-term solutions, as opposed to antibiotics, which were previously relied upon. Immunotherapy is becoming increasingly promising for the treatment of microbial infections. This study reviews recent advances in immunotherapeutic strategies, particularly cytokine-based therapies, adoptive cell therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, for the control of antimicrobial resistance. New inventive approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, have been discussed in the context of bacterial and viral infections, highlighting promising results from clinical trials and addressing the challenges of toxicity, immune evasion, and therapy resistance that are inherent in these diseases. Future priorities include optimizing combination therapies and exploring new immunomodulatory targets to improve the effectiveness of these interventions in treating antimicrobial resistance and other infectious diseases.

Keywords

Coronavirus / immunotherapy / global health / microbial infections / diseases

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