Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccination

Abstract

Aim:This study aims to identify the factors affecting the formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in healthy adults four weeks post-COVID-19 vaccination.

Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among mass vaccination attendees using inactivated CoronaVac. Collected the peripheral blood serum four weeks following the second vaccine dose. Forty-four adults aged 26–85 were split into two groups based on age (≤ 60 years and > 60 years) and BMI (non-obese ≤ 25 kg/m² and obese > 25 kg/m²). Variables like age, gender, BMI, and the presence of comorbidities were recorded. CD4/CD8 ratio and vitamin D levels were examined for their influence on NAbs formation. NAbs were measured using ELISA, T-cells via flow cytometry, and vitamin D through radioimmunoassay. Descriptive data analysis was performed as mean ± standard deviation to show the characteristics of the sample. Students’t-tests and multivariate and univariate regression analyses were used to evaluate the data.

Results:Significant variations in NAbs levels were observed with age (P = 0.013), BMI (P = 0.004), and comorbidities (P = 0.034). The elderly demonstrated higher NAb levels, potentially due to the high vitamin D levels compared to the adult group. The vitamin D levels strongly correlated with NAb titer (P < 0.001; R = 0.843). A collective correlation was found between NAb levels and the factors of age, BMI, and CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.033). A negative correlation existed between BMI and NAb levels (P = 0.018; R = –0.356) and between age and the CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.440; R = –0.119), but age alone did not correlate with NAb titer.

Conclusions:Age, BMI, CD4/CD8 ratio, and comorbidities influence the production of post-vaccination NAbs. Sufficient vitamin D levels in the elderly significantly boost post-vaccination NAb levels. Maintaining a healthy body weight is also vital, as studies have revealed a significant and negative correlation between BMI and the level of NAbs, suggesting a possible need for adjusted vaccine doses in obese individuals.

Keywords

Neutralizing antibodies / post-vaccination / CD4/CD8 ratio / vitamin D / body-mass index

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