Efficiency enhancement of thermal-evaporated perovskite light-emitting diodes through process optimization and additive engineering

Abstract

Thermal evaporation offers precise thickness control and compatibility with large-area processing, making it an attractive route for perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). However, evaporated devices have historically shown lower efficiency and stability than solution-processed counterparts. This review summarizes recent progress in enhancing the performance of thermally evaporated PeLEDs through process optimization and additive engineering. Process optimization strategies include tuning precursor ratios, deposition rates, substrate temperatures, post-annealing conditions, and the thickness of emissive and charge-transport layers. Such adjustments improve film crystallinity, exciton confinement, and charge balance while suppressing non-radiative losses. In parallel, organic and inorganic additives have been widely applied to passivate defects, stabilize emissive phases, and enhance operational stability, leading to significant gains in external quantum efficiency. Beyond these approaches, advanced design concepts are emerging. Host-dopant systems enable efficient energy transfer and controlled emission, multi-quantum well structures enhance carrier confinement, and single-source thermal evaporation using solid powder precursors simplifies fabrication and improves reproducibility. These strategies define a pathway toward bridging the performance gap with solution-processed devices. Finally, we highlight applications of evaporated PeLEDs in active-matrix displays, where integration with thin-film transistors demonstrates their promise for scalable, high-resolution display technologies. Broader opportunities in lighting, flexible optoelectronics, and integrated photonics further underscore the versatility of this approach. By consolidating progress in process control, additive engineering, and device design, this review outlines critical directions for advancing thermally evaporated PeLEDs toward commercial viability, combining fundamental insights with practical engineering strategies to achieve efficient, stable, and scalable optoelectronic devices.

Keywords

Thermal evaporation / halide perovskite / light-emitting diodes

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