Evaluating the Interfaces of High-Voltage Cathodes in Batteries

Yongxin Zhang; Yusheng Ye; Lingchen Kong; Hao Liu; Yanchen Piao; Jingmei Lyu; Xin Gao; Feng Wu; Renjie Chen

doi:10.1007/s41918-026-00286-z

Electrochemical Energy Reviews ›› 2026, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (1) :17 DOI: 10.1007/s41918-026-00286-z

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Evaluating the Interfaces of High-Voltage Cathodes in Batteries

Yongxin Zhang ¹
, Yusheng Ye ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,^a
, Lingchen Kong ⁵
, Hao Liu ²
, Yanchen Piao ¹
, Jingmei Lyu ¹
, Xin Gao ⁵^,^b
, Feng Wu ¹^,²^,³^,⁴
, Renjie Chen ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,^c

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¹, Beijing Institute of Technology, 519088, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

²Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China

³Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Energy Storage and Intelligent Safety, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, 250300, Jinan, Shandong, China

⁴, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, 100081, Beijing, China

⁵School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China

^a ysye@bit.edu.cn

^b gaoxin-cnc@pku.edu.cn

^c chenrj@bit.edu.cn

Yongxin Zhang

Yongxin Zhang is a Ph.D. candidate in materials engineering at the Beijing Institute of Technology (Zhuhai). His current research focuses on novel high-energy-density batteries, fast charging, electrolyte designs, and the interfacial regulation of high-voltage cathodes.

Yusheng Ye

Yusheng Ye is a professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT). His research focuses on extremely fast charging technologies, lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and smart batteries. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University from 2018 to 2023. He is currently hosting projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Lingchen Kong

Lingchen Kong received his bachelor of engineering degree from Tianjin University in 2018 and earned his Ph.D. degree in materials science and engineering from the same university in 2024. Currently, he is conducting postdoctoral research in Professor Gao Xin’s group at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University. His research focuses on lithium metal interface designs and anode-free lithium batteries.

Hao Liu

Hao Liu is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Beijing Institute of Technology. His current research focuses on designing novel fast-charging lithium-ion batteries that resolve the inherent tension between energy densities and charging rates.

Yanchen Piao

Yanchen Piao is a master’s candidate in materials engineering at the Beijing Institute of Technology (Zhuhai) under the supervision of Prof. Yusheng Ye. His current research focuses primarily on novel high-energy-density green batteries, including electrolyte designs for high-voltage fast-charging lithium-ion batteries and high-voltage cathode interface engineering.

Jingmei Lyu

Jingmei Lyu is an associate professor in the Energy and Transportation Domain at the Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai. She completed her Ph.D. in physical chemistry with a specialization in electrochemistry at Xiamen University in 2010. Her current research focuses on materials and technologies for high-specific-energy secondary lithium batteries.

Xin Gao

Xin Gao is an assistant professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Peking University. She completed her Ph.D. in physical chemistry at Peking University in 2018. From 2019 to 2023, she worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at Stanford University. Her current research interests include the synthesis of advanced carbon materials and carbonene fibers, as well as their applications in sustainable energy systems.

Feng Wu

Feng Wu is the director of the Professor Commission of the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology. As the chief scientist, he has hosted the National Key Program for Basic Research of China (973 projects), Basic Research on New Rechargeable Batteries and Related Materials. His major research interests are functional materials for energy storage devices.

Renjie Chen

Renjie Chen is a professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Beijing Institute of Technology. His research focuses on electrochemical energy storage and conversion technology. He was a visiting professor at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge. As the principal investigator, he successfully hosted the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He was selected as the “Global Highly Cited Scholar” in the fields of Materials and Chemistry.

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Abstract

The physicochemical properties of cathode‒electrolyte interfaces (CEIs) play a key role in determining long-term cycling and reliable electrochemical behaviors, which are critically important in high-voltage batteries. Increasing the operating voltage improves the energy density of a battery but accelerates cathode degradation and destabilizes the CEI. Currently, the interface dynamics and working mechanism of CEIs are still under evaluation and debated. In this review, we first summarize the key CEI-related challenges and the principal structural and chemical degradation mechanisms of high-voltage cathode materials, underscoring their intrinsic inconsistencies, stochasticity, and failure modes. We then explore the intrinsic correlation between CEI degradation and electrochemical deterioration and propose targeted strategies for regulating CEIs. Furthermore, we highlight the recent advances in characterization techniques for tracking dynamic structural and compositional changes. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to deepen the understanding of CEI behavior and offer valuable insights for guiding the design and development of more reliable and sustainable next-generation high-energy batteries.

Graphical Abstract

This paper summarizes the key CEI challenges, principal structural, and chemical degradation mechanism, and characterization techniques of high-voltage cathode materials, underscoring their intrinsic inconsistencies, stochasticity, and failure modes.

Keywords

Cathode–electrolyte interface / High-voltage batteries / Failure mechanisms / Lithium batteries

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Yongxin Zhang, Yusheng Ye, Lingchen Kong, Hao Liu, Yanchen Piao, Jingmei Lyu, Xin Gao, Feng Wu, Renjie Chen. Evaluating the Interfaces of High-Voltage Cathodes in Batteries. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2026, 9 (1) : 17 DOI:10.1007/s41918-026-00286-z

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