A Decade-Long Odyssey of “Rocking-Chair” Zinc-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have emerged as promising candidates for safe and sustainable energy storage systems. However, conventional ZIBs face critical challenges, such as zinc dendrite formation, corrosion, and passivation, primarily due to their unstable deposition‒dissolution mechanism compared with the “rocking-chair” mechanism of lithium-ion batteries. This review presents a critical assessment of the past decade’s significant advances in “rocking-chair” ZIBs, with a particular focus on Zn²⁺-intercalation anodes. Four major classes of zinc-metal-free anodes are systematically discussed, highlighting their distinctive physicochemical features and zinc storage mechanisms. The development trajectory of anode materials is traced from early developments in transition metal dichalcogenides to emerging hybrid materials, with a focus on key challenges in ionic diffusion and electronic conductivity. Furthermore, we summarize the underlying working principles, essential design criteria, and material optimization strategies. Finally, future research opportunities and technological challenges are outlined to advance rocking-chair ZIBs toward practical deployment in applications ranging from grid-scale storage to portable electronics. This review provides critical insights and design guidance for enabling the next generation of high-performance, commercially viable ZIBs.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Rocking-chair / Zn-ion battery / Anode material / Intercalation mechanism / Conversion mechanism / Coordination mechanism

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Funding

National Innovative Talents Program(GG2090007001)

Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2408085QE177)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University