High-Entropy Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Yuncai Chen; Xingxing Yin; Jun Wang; Haohong Chen; Fan Li; Chunhui Zhong; Wenxiang Zhang; Haw Jiunn Woo; Chao Wang; Qingxia Liu

doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00270-z

Electrochemical Energy Reviews ›› 2025, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (1) :32 DOI: 10.1007/s41918-025-00270-z

Review Article

review-article

High-Entropy Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Author information +

¹Future Technology School, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

²Department of Physics, Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

³School of Materials, Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

⁴School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

⁵College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

⁶School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining Technology, 221000, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

⁷Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Research Centre of Ecology and Environment for Coastal Area and Deep Sea, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

^a wangj9@sustech.edu.cn

^b liuqingxia@sztu.edu.cn

Yuncai Chen

Yuncai Chen is currently a postdoctoral researcher in the Future Technology School, Shenzhen Technology University. He received his Master and Ph.D. degrees in the Faculty of Science at Universiti Malaya. His research interests include the preparation and characterization of advanced cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Xingxing Yin

Xingxing Yin is currently a Ph.D. student under the supervision of Prof. Dong Zhou in the School of Materials at Sun Yat-sen University. Her research focuses on layered oxide cathode material design for sodium batteries, mainly focusing on understanding structure–property relationships during electrochemical reactions.

Jun Wang

Jun Wang received his Ph.D. degree in Materials Physics and Chemistry from the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2012, and worked as a research scientist at MEET Battery Research Center, University of Muenster from September 2012 to April 2018. Since September 2018, he joined the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) and he is currently a Professor at the School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship in SUSTech. His research activities are focused on electrochemical kinetics studies in rechargeable batteries. Till now, he has published more than 200 SCI papers and filed more than 50 patent applications.

Haohong Chen

Haohong Chen is currently a master student under the supervision of Prof. Qingxia Liu at Shenzhen Technology University. His research focuses on the cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries.

Fan Li

Fan Li is a Ph.D. candidate at the School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, under the supervision of Prof. Xianshu Dong and Academician Qingxia Liu. Her research focuses on the preparation of hard carbon anode materials for sodium ion batteries and its sodium storage mechanism.

Chunhui Zhong

Chunhui Zhong is a Ph.D. candidate at the School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, under the supervision of Prof. Qingxia Liu and Prof. Haijun Zhang. His research mainly focuses on the structure construction and interface control of sodium ion battery Prussian blue cathode materials.

Wenxiang Zhang

Wenxiang Zhang is currently a professor at Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) and Ph.D. Supervisor at Ocean University of China. He Holds a Ph.D. degree from Université de Technologie de Compiègne (Sorbonne University Alliance) and conducted postdoctoral research at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and the University of Macau. His research focuses on membrane separation material and electrochemistry.

Haw Jiunn Woo

Haw Jiunn Woo is currently an associate professor in the Faculty of Science at Universiti Malaya. His research interest focuses on the design and development of functional materials, which includes batteries (LIBs, SIBs), supercapacitors (EDLC, hybrid supercapacitors), polymer electrolytes, solar cells (DSSCs, QDSSCs), plasma technology and radiation.

Chao Wang

Chao Wang received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, in 2002 and 2005, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, in 2013. He is currently a Professor with the Future Technology College, Shenzhen Technology University, China. His research interests include high-performance sensors for harsh environments, in-fiber integrated optics, and ultra-fast laser micromachining technology.

Qingxia Liu

Qingxia Liu is a professor at the Shenzhen University of Technology and the dean of the School of Future Technology. He is a member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering and was the founder and director of the Canadian Clean Coal and Mineral Processing Research Center and a tenured professor at the University of Alberta, Canada. He is an internationally renowned expert and scholar in the field of resource development and environmental protection. He has profound research and insights into the basic theory of intermolecular forces on the surface and interface of materials. He has achieved outstanding research results in resource utilization, oil and mining, environmental protection, clean energy and new material research and development.

Show less

History +

PDF

Abstract

Portable electrical devices have become integral to our daily lives, with many being powered by rechargeable batteries. The increasing demand for such batteries has prompted a search for alternative options. Among these alternatives, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) stand out as promising candidates because of their operational similarity to lithium-ion batteries and cost efficiency. Despite the presence of some commercial SIB products, their overall performance falls short of meeting the requirements for large-scale manufacturing. A critical factor influencing the performance of SIBs is the cathode material. Recently, a novel concept involving high entropy has been introduced for use as a cathode material for SIBs. This review begins by introducing the high-entropy concept and then explores the methods used to synthesize cathode materials such as sodium layered oxides, Prussian blue analogs, and NASICON for SIBs. This review also presents state-of-the-art progress in these three types of materials. In the Conclusions section, we outline perspectives for high-entropy materials (HEMs). This comprehensive review aims to serve as a reference for studying HEMs in the context of SIBs.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Sodium-ion batteries / High entropy / Sodium layered oxides / Prussian blue analogs / NASICON

Cite this article

Download citation ▾

Yuncai Chen, Xingxing Yin, Jun Wang, Haohong Chen, Fan Li, Chunhui Zhong, Wenxiang Zhang, Haw Jiunn Woo, Chao Wang, Qingxia Liu. High-Entropy Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2025, 8(1): 32 DOI:10.1007/s41918-025-00270-z

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户忘记密码

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within

[1]	Brédas JL, Buriak JM, Caruso F, et al. . An electrifying choice for the 2019 chemistry Nobel prize: Goodenough, Whittingham, and Yoshino. Chem. Mater., 2019, 31: 8577-8581.

[2]	Elia GA, Wang J, Bresser D, et al. . A new, high energy Sn-C/Li [Li_0.2Ni_0.4/3Co_0.4/3Mn_1.6/3]O₂ lithium-ion battery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2014, 6: 12956-12961.

[3]	Wang J, Zhang MH, Tang CL, et al. . Microwave-irradiation synthesis of Li_1.3Ni _x Co _y Mn₁₋_x₋_y O_2.4 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 80: 15-21.

[4]	Rong XH, Xiao DD, Li QH, et al. . Boosting reversible anionic redox reaction with Li/Cu dual honeycomb centers. eScience, 2023, 3100159

[5]	He X, Wang J, Jia HP, et al. . Ionic liquid-assisted solvothermal synthesis of hollow Mn₂O₃ anode and LiMn₂O₄ cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources, 2015, 293: 306-311.

[6]	Deng J, Bae C, Denlinger A, et al. . Electric vehicles batteries: requirements and challenges. Joule, 2020, 4: 511-515.

[7]	Rosendahl KE, Rubiano DR. How effective is lithium recycling as a remedy for resource scarcity?. Environ. Resour. Econ., 2019, 74: 985-1010.

[8]	Alessia A, Alessandro B, Maria VG, et al. . Challenges for sustainable lithium supply: a critical review. J. Clean. Prod., 2021, 300126954

[9]	Chen T, Ouyang BX, Fan XW, et al. . Oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: designs, challenges, and perspectives. Carbon Energy, 2022, 4: 170-199.

[10]	Yang W, Liu Q, Zhao YS, et al. . Progress on Fe-based polyanionic oxide cathodes materials toward grid-scale energy storage for sodium-ion batteries. Small Methods., 2022, 6: 2200555.

[11]	Liu CY, Chen KA, Xiong HQ, et al. . A novel Na₈Fe₅(SO₄)₉@rGO cathode material with high rate capability and ultra-long lifespan for low-cost sodium-ion batteries. eScience, 2024, 4100186

[12]	Wang J, Qiu B, He X, et al. . Low-cost orthorhombic nax [FeTi] O₄ (x = 1 and 4/3) compounds as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Chem. Mater., 2015, 27: 4374-4379.

[13]	Wan HL, Cai LT, Yao Y, et al. . Self-formed electronic/ionic conductive Fe₃S₄ @ S @ 0.9Na₃SbS₄⋅0.1NaI composite for high-performance room-temperature all-solid-state sodium–sulfur battery. Small, 2020, 162001574

[14]	Liu TH, Xiang P, Li YM, et al. . In situ forming Na-Sn alloy/Na₂S interface layer for ultrastable solid state sodium batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2024, 342316528

[15]	Liu GZ, Yang J, Wu JH, et al. . Inorganic sodium solid electrolytes: structure design, interface engineering and application. Adv. Mater., 2024, 362311475

[16]	Owen JR. Rechargeable lithium batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev., 1997, 26: 259.

[17]	Xie F, Xu Z, Guo ZY, et al. . Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries and beyond. Prog. Energy, 2020, 2042002

[18]	Dou XW, Hasa I, Saurel D, et al. . Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries: structure, analysis, sustainability, and electrochemistry. Mater. Today, 2019, 23: 87-104.

[19]	Xiao BW, Rojo T, Li XL. Hard carbon as sodium-ion battery anodes: progress and challenges. Chemsuschem, 2019, 12: 133-144.

[20]	Zhang BW, Ma KX, Lv X, et al. . Recent advances of NASICON-Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ as cathode for sodium-ion batteries: synthesis, modifications, and perspectives. J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 867159060

[21]	Chen YH, Zhao YH, Tian SH, et al. . Recent progress and strategic perspectives of high-voltage Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ cathode: fundamentals, modifications, and applications in sodium-ion batteries. Compos. Part B Eng., 2023, 266111030

[22]	Chen WM, Wan M, Liu Q, et al. . Heteroatom-doped carbon materials: synthesis, mechanism, and application for sodium-ion batteries. Small Methods., 2019, 3: 1800323.

[23]	Sun YF, Dai S. High-entropy materials for catalysis: a new frontier. Sci. Adv., 2021, 7eabg1600

[24]	George EP, Raabe D, Ritchie RO. High-entropy alloys. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2019, 4: 515-534.

[25]	Sarkar A, Wang QS, Schiele A, et al. . High-entropy oxides: fundamental aspects and electrochemical properties. Adv. Mater., 2019, 311806236

[26]	Feng L, Fahrenholtz WG, Brenner DW. High-entropy ultra-high-temperature borides and carbides: a new class of materials for extreme environments. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 2021, 51: 165-185.

[27]	Oses C, Toher C, Curtarolo S. High-entropy ceramics. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2020, 5: 295-309.

[28]	Ostovari Moghaddam A, Trofimov EA. Toward expanding the realm of high entropy materials to platinum group metals: a review. J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 851156838

[29]	Yang X, Guo RK, Cai R, et al. . Engineering high-entropy materials for electrocatalytic water splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47: 13561-13578.

[30]	Ma YJ, Ma Y, Wang QS, et al. . High-entropy energy materials: challenges and new opportunities. Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, 14: 2883-2905.

[31]	Amiri A, Shahbazian-Yassar R. Recent progress of high-entropy materials for energy storage and conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9: 782-823.

[32]	Tsallis C. Nonadditive entropy: the concept and its use. Eur. Phys. J. A, 2009, 40: 257.

[33]	Gao XD, Zhang XY, Liu XY, et al. . Recent advances for high-entropy based layered cathodes for sodium ion batteries. Small Methods., 2023, 7: 2300152.

[34]	Yeh JW, Chen SK, Lin SJ, et al. . Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Adv. Eng. Mater., 2004, 6: 299-303.

[35]	Cantor B, Chang ITH, Knight P, et al. . Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, 375(376/377): 213-218.

[36]	Zheng YS, Meng YF, Hu X, et al. . Synthesis-structure-property of high-entropy layered oxide cathode for Li/Na/K-ion batteries. Adv. Mater., 2025, 372413202

[37]	Akrami S, Edalati P, Fuji M, et al. . High-entropy ceramics: review of principles, production and applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep., 2021, 146100644

[38]	Ran B, Li HX, Cheng RQ, et al. . High-entropy oxides for rechargeable batteries. Adv. Sci., 2024, 112401034

[39]	Yeh JW. Alloy design strategies and future trends in high-entropy alloys. JOM, 2013, 65: 1759-1771.

[40]	Ma JP, Huang CD. High entropy energy storage materials: synthesis and application. J. Energy Storage, 2023, 66107419

[41]	Fu MS, Ma X, Zhao KN, et al. . High-entropy materials for energy-related applications. iScience, 2021, 24102177

[42]	Delmas C, Fouassier C, Hagenmuller P. Structural classification and properties of the layered oxides. Physica B+C, 1980, 99: 81-85.

[43]	Zuo WH, Innocenti A, Zarrabeitia M, et al. . Layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: storage mechanism, electrochemistry, and techno-economics. Acc. Chem. Res., 2023, 56: 284-296.

[44]	Chen YC, Yang ML, Yang LT, et al. . Alkali and alkaline ions co-substitution of P2 sodium layered oxides for sodium ion batteries. Chin. J. Struct. Chem., 2023, 42100028

[45]	Rong XH, Hu EY, Lu YX, et al. . Anionic redox reaction-induced high-capacity and low-strain cathode with suppressed phase transition. Joule, 2019, 3: 503-517.

[46]	Zhang TL, Ji HC, Hou XH, et al. . Promoting the performances of P2-type sodium layered cathode by inducing Na site rearrangement. Nano Energy, 2022, 100107482

[47]	Huang ZX, Gu ZY, Heng YL, et al. . Advanced layered oxide cathodes for sodium/potassium-ion batteries: development, challenges and prospects. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 452139438

[48]	Du GY, Pang H. Recent advancements in Prussian blue analogues: preparation and application in batteries. Energy Storage Mater., 2021, 36: 387-408.

[49]	Chen YC, Woo HJ, Kufian MZ, et al. . Synthesis of low vacancies PB with high electrochemical performance using a facile method. Mater. Technol., 2020, 35: 759-766.

[50]	Song J, Wang L, Lu YH, et al. . Removal of interstitial H₂ O in hexacyanometallates for a superior cathode of a sodium-ion battery. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137: 2658-2664.

[51]	Liu QN, Hu Z, Chen MZ, et al. . The cathode choice for commercialization of sodium-ion batteries: layered transition metal oxides versus Prussian blue analogs. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 301909530

[52]	Chen YC, Woo HJ, Rizwan M, et al. . Nanoscale morphology control of Na-rich Prussian blue cathode materials for sodium ion batteries with good thermal stability. ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2019, 2: 8570-8579.

[53]	Rajagopalan R, Zhang L, Dou SX, et al. . Tuned in situ growth of nanolayered rGO on 3D Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ matrices: a step toward long lasting, high power Na-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 3: 1600007.

[54]	Zhu YQ, Xu H, Ma J, et al. . The recent advances of NASICON-Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. J. Solid State Chem., 2023, 317123669

[55]	Zhao CL, Wang QD, Yao ZP, et al. . Rational design of layered oxide materials for sodium-ion batteries. Science, 2020, 370: 708-711.

[56]	Xiao B, Wu G, Wang TD, et al. . High-entropy oxides as advanced anode materials for long-life lithium-ion batteries. Nano Energy, 2022, 95106962

[57]	Chen H, Qiu N, Wu BZ, et al. . A new spinel high-entropy oxide (Mg_0.2 Ti_0.2 Zn_0.2 Cu_0.2 Fe_0.2)₃ O₄ with fast reaction kinetics and excellent stability as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv., 2020, 10: 9736-9744.

[58]	Ma YJ, Ma Y, Dreyer SL, et al. . Highentropy metal-organic frameworks for highly reversible sodium storage. Adv. Mater., 2021, 332101342

[59]	Chen YW, Fu HY, Huang YY, et al. . Opportunities for high-entropy materials in rechargeable batteries. ACS Mater. Lett., 2021, 3: 160-170.

[60]	Zhao CL, Ding FX, Lu YX, et al. . High-entropy layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59: 264-269.

[61]	Zhang ZK, Meng Y, Wang YJ, et al. . Obtaining P2-Na_0.56 [Ni_0.1Co_0.1Mn_0.8]O₂ cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries by using a co-precipitation method. ChemElectroChem, 2018, 5: 3229-3235.

[62]	Wang QS, Sarkar A, Li ZY, et al. . High entropy oxides as anode material for Li-ion battery applications: a practical approach. Electrochem. Commun., 2019, 100: 121-125.

[63]	Li CP, Qiu M, Li RL, et al. . Electrospinning engineering enables high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Fiber Mater., 2022, 4: 43-65.

[64]	Fu CC, Wang J, Li Y, et al. . Explore the effect of Co doping on P2-Na_0.67MnO₂ prepared by hydrothermal method as cathode materials for sodium ion batteries. J. Alloys Compd., 2022, 918165569

[65]	Wei TT, Zhang N, Zhao YS, et al. . Sodium-deficient O3-Na_0.75Fe_0.5−xCu_xMn_0.5O₂ as high-performance cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries. Compos. Pt. B Eng., 2022, 238: 109912.

[66]	Bian WS, Li HJ, Zhao ZX, et al. . Entropy stabilization effect and oxygen vacancy in spinel high-entropy oxide promoting sodium ion storage. Electrochim. Acta, 2023, 447142157

[67]	Jo CH, Voronina N, Myung ST. Single-crystalline particle Ni-based cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries: strategies, status, and challenges to improve energy density and cyclability. Energy Storage Mater., 2022, 51: 568-587.

[68]	Thakur P, Sharma R, Kumar M, et al. . Superparamagnetic La doped Mn-Zn nano ferrites: dependence on dopant content and crystallite size. Mater. Res. Express, 2016, 3075001

[69]	Spiridigliozzi L, Dell’Agli G, Callone E, et al. . A structural and thermal investigation of Li-doped high entropy (Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)O obtained by co-precipitation. J. Alloys Compd., 2022, 927166933

[70]	Cao YJ, Liu Y, Chen T, et al. . Sol-gel synthesis of porous Na₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃ with enhanced sodium-ion storage capability. Ionics, 2019, 25: 1083-1090.

[71]	Wang G, Qin J, Feng YY, et al. . Sol–gel synthesis of spherical mesoporous high-entropy oxides. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12: 45155-45164.

[72]	Skvortsova I, Savina AA, Orlova ED, et al. . Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of space fillers to enhance volumetric energy density of NMC811 cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Batteries, 2022, 8: 67.

[73]	Yudha CS, Muzayanha SU, Rahmawati M, et al. . Fast production of high performance LiNi_0.815Co_0.15Al_0.035O₂ cathode material via urea-assisted flame spray pyrolysis. Energies, 2020, 132757

[74]	Wang Y, Liu YK, Liu YC, et al. . Recent advances in electrospun electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. J. Energy Chem., 2021, 54: 225-241.

[75]	Cologna M, Francis JSC, Raj R. Field assisted and flash sintering of alumina and its relationship to conductivity and MgO-doping. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2011, 31: 2827-2837.

[76]	Nisar A, Zhang C, Boesl B, et al. . Unconventional materials processing using spark plasma sintering. Ceramics, 2021, 4: 20-39.

[77]	Ul-Hamid A. The effect of deposition conditions on the properties of Zr-carbide, Zr-nitride and Zr-carbonitride coatings: a review. Mater. Adv., 2020, 1: 988-1011.

[78]	Lu YH, Wang L, Cheng JG, et al. . Prussian blue: a new framework of electrode materials for sodium batteries. Chem. Commun., 2012, 48: 6544-6546.

[79]	Ren KR, Wang JC, Tian SH, et al. . Iron-based Prussian blue coupled with polydopamine film for advanced sodium-ion batteries. Mater. Res. Bull., 2023, 166112351

[80]	Zhang H, Peng J, Li L, et al. . Low-cost zinc substitution of iron-based Prussian blue analogs as long lifespan cathode materials for fast charging sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 332210725

[81]	Lamprecht X, Zellner P, Yesilbas G, et al. . Fast-charging capability of thin-film Prussian blue analogue electrodes for aqueous sodium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15: 23951-23962.

[82]	Luo Y, Peng JY, Yin SM, et al. . Acid-assisted ball mill synthesis of carboxyl-functional-group-modified Prussian blue as sodium-ion battery cathode. Nanomaterials, 2022, 12: 1290.

[83]	Ma XH, Guo YQ, Yu CY, et al. . Preparation of K₂Fe [Fe(CN)₆] nanoparticles by improved electrostatic spray assisted precipitation technology as potassium-ion battery cathodes. J. Alloys Compd., 2022, 904164049

[84]	Ma YJ, Hu Y, Pramudya Y, et al. . Resolving the role of configurational entropy in improving cycling performance of multicomponent hexacyanoferrate cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2022, 322202372

[85]	Huang Y, Zhang X, Ji L, et al. . Boosting the sodium storage performance of Prussian blue analogs by single-crystal and high-entropy approach. Energy Storage Mater., 2023, 58: 1-8.

[86]	Peng J, Zhang B, Hua WB, et al. . A disordered rubik’s cube-inspired framework for sodium-ion batteries with ultralong cycle lifespan. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62e202215865

[87]	Yan SX, Luo SH, Yang L, et al. . Novel P2-type layered medium-entropy ceramics oxide as cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. J. Adv. Ceram., 2022, 11: 158-171.

[88]	Yang YJ, Zhou JB, Wang LL, et al. . Prussian blue and its analogues as cathode materials for Na-, K-, Mg-, Ca-, Zn- and Al-ion batteries. Nano Energy, 2022, 99107424

[89]	Lin CC, Liu HY, Kang JW, et al. . In-situ X-ray studies of high-entropy layered oxide cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater., 2022, 51: 159-171.

[90]	Cao MH, Shadike Z, Bak SM, et al. . Sodium storage property and mechanism of NaCr_1/4Fe_1/4Ni_1/4Ti_1/4O₂ cathode at various cut-off voltages. Energy Storage Mater., 2020, 24: 417-425.

[91]	Yao H-R, Wang P-F, Gong Y, et al. . Designing air-stable O₃-type cathode materials by combined structure modulation for Na-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139: 8440-8443.

[92]	Wang XF, Feng ZJ, Huang JT, et al. . Graphene-decorated carbon-coated LiFePO₄ nanospheres as a high-performance cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Carbon, 2018, 127: 149-157.

[93]	Wang XF, Feng ZJ, Huang JT, et al. . Graphene-decorated carbon-coated LiFePO₄ nanospheres as a high-performance cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Carbon, 2018, 127: 149-157.

[94]	Mu JX, Cai TX, Dong WJ, et al. . Biphasic high-entropy layered oxide as a stable and high-rate cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 471144403

[95]	He Q, Yu B, Li ZH, et al. . Density functional theory for battery materials. Energy Environ. Mater., 2019, 2: 264-279.

[96]	Liu ZG, Liu RX, Xu S, et al. . Achieving a deeply desodiated stabilized cathode material by the high entropy strategy for sodium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63e202405620

[97]	Yue JL, Yin WW, Cao MH, et al. . A quinary layer transition metal oxide of NaNi_1/4 Co_1/4 Fe_1/4 Mn_1/8 Ti_1/8 O₂ as a high-rate-capability and long-cycle-life cathode material for rechargeable sodium ion batteries. Chem. Commun., 2015, 51: 15712-15715.

[98]	Anang DA, Park JH, Bhange DS, et al. . O₃-type layer-structured Na_0.8 [Ni_1/5Fe_1/5Co_1/5Mn_1/5Ti_1/5]O₂ as long life and high power cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. Ceram. Int., 2019, 45: 23164-23171.

[99]	Walczak K, Plewa A, Ghica C, et al. . NaMn_0.2Fe_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2Ti_0.2O₂ high-entropy layered oxide-experimental and theoretical evidence of high electrochemical performance in sodium batteries. Energy Storage Mater., 2022, 47: 500-514.

[100]

Ding FX, Zhao CL, Xiao DD, et al. . Using high-entropy configuration strategy to design Na-ion layered oxide cathodes with superior electrochemical performance and thermal stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144: 8286-8295.

[101]

Yao LB, Zou PC, Wang CY, et al. . High-entropy and superstructure-stabilized layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, 122201989

[102]

Joshi A, Chakrabarty S, Akella SH, et al. . High-entropy co-free O₃-type layered oxyfluoride: a promising air-stable cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater., 2023, 352304440

[103]

Du XY, Meng Y, Yuan HY, et al. . High-entropy substitution: a strategy for advanced sodium-ion cathodes with high structural stability and superior mechanical properties. Energy Storage Mater., 2023, 56: 132-140.

[104]

Li ZY, Gao R, Sun LM, et al. . Zr-doped P2-Na_0.75Mn_0.55Ni_0.25Co_0.05Fe_0.10Zr_0.05O₂ as high-rate performance cathode material for sodium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta, 2017, 223: 92-99.

[105]

Wang JB, Dreyer SL, Wang K, et al. . P2-type layered high-entropy oxides as sodium-ion cathode materials. Mater. Futures., 2022, 1035104

[106]

Zhou PF, Che ZN, Liu J, et al. . High-entropy P2/O3 biphasic cathode materials for wide-temperature rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater., 2023, 57: 618-627.

[107]

Wu B, Hou GR, Kovalska E, et al. . High-entropy NASICON phosphates (Na₃M₂ (PO₄)₃ and NaMPO₄ O_x, M = Ti, V, Mn, Cr, and Zr) for sodium electrochemistry. Inorg. Chem., 2022, 61: 4092-4101.

[108]

Li M, Sun C, Ni Q, et al. . High entropy enabling the reversible redox reaction of V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺ couple in NASICON-type sodium ion cathode. Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 132203971

[109]

Ahsan MT, Qiu DP, Ali Z, et al. . Unraveling the fast Na diffusion kinetics of NASICON at high voltage via high entropy for sodium-ion battery. Adv. Energy Mater., 2024, 142302733

[110]

Gu ZY, Guo JZ, Cao JM, et al. . An advanced high-entropy fluorophosphate cathode for sodium-ion batteries with increased working voltage and energy density. Adv. Mater., 2022, 342110108

[111]

Ge XC, Li HX, Li J, et al. . High-entropy doping boosts ion/electronic transport of Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂(P₂O₇)/C cathode for superior performance sodium-ion batteries. Small, 2023, 19: 2302609.

[112]

Zhan JJ, Huang JW, Li Z, et al. . Air-stable high-entropy layered oxide cathode with enhanced cycling stability for sodium-ion batteries. Nano Lett., 2024, 24: 9793-9800.

[113]

Peng J, Zhang W, Liu QN, et al. . Prussian blue analogues for sodium-ion batteries: past, present, and future. Adv. Mater., 2022, 342108384

[114]

Liu YA, Liu HQ, Zhang RZ, et al. . Recent progress of manganese-based Prussian blue analogue cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Ionics, 2024, 30: 39-59.

[115]

Syed Mohd Fadzil SAF, Woo HJ, Azzahari AD, et al. . Sodium-rich Prussian blue analogue coated by poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate as superior cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Mater. Today Chem., 2023, 30101540

[116]

Guo SP, Li JC, Xu QT, et al. . Recent achievements on polyanion-type compounds for sodium-ion batteries: syntheses, crystal chemistry and electrochemical performance. J. Power. Sources, 2017, 361: 285-299.

[117]

Chen MZ, Liu QN, Wang SW, et al. . High-abundance and low-cost metal-based cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries: problems, progress, and key technologies. Adv. Energy Mater., 2019, 91803609

[118]

Qi SH, Wu DX, Dong Y, et al. . Cobalt-based electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J., 2019, 370: 185-207.

[119]

Lim YV, Li XL, Yang HY. Recent tactics and advances in the application of metal sulfides as high-performance anode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 312006761

[120]

Zhu PC, Driscoll EH, Dong B, et al. . Direct reuse of aluminium and copper current collectors from spent lithium-ion batteries. Green Chem., 2023, 25: 3503-3514.

[121]

Jeong H, Jang J, Jo C. A review on current collector coating methods for next-generation batteries. Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 446136860

[122]

Danks AE, Hall SR, Schnepp Z. The evolution of “sol–gel” chemistry as a technique for materials synthesis. Mater. Horiz., 2016, 3: 91-112.

[123]

Desai N. Challenges in development of nanoparticle-based therapeutics. AAPS J., 2012, 14: 282-295.

[124]

Stüble P, Müller C, Bohn N, et al. . From powder to pouch cell: setting up a sodium-ion battery reference system based on Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C and hard carbon. Batteries Supercaps, 2024, 7e202400406

[125]

Guo XN, Guo S, Wu CW, et al. . Intelligent monitoring for safety-enhanced lithium-ion/sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 132203903

[126]

Cai TX, Cai MZ, Mu JX, et al. . High-entropy layered oxide cathode enabling high-rate for solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett., 2023, 1610

[127]

Wang YS, Ou RQ, Yang JJ, et al. . The safety aspect of sodium ion batteries for practical applications. J. Energy Chem., 2024, 95: 407-427.

[128]

Gao HQ, Zeng JJ, Sun ZP, et al. . Advances in layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Mater. Today Energy, 2024, 42101551

[129]

Singh AN, Islam M, Meena A, et al. . Unleashing the potential of sodium-ion batteries: current state and future directions for sustainable energy storage. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 33: 2304617.

[130]

Xu ST, Dong HH, Yang D, et al. . Promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries from lab to application. ACS Cent. Sci., 2023, 9: 2012-2035.

[131]

Chu SY, Kim D, Choi G, et al. . Revealing the origin of transition-metal migration in layered sodium-ion battery cathodes: random Na extraction and Na-free layer formation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62e202216174

[132]

He SN, Zhang R, Han X, et al. . Unraveling 3d transition metal (Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cr, V) ions migration in layered oxide cathodes: a pathway to superior Li-ion and Na-ion battery cathodes. Adv. Mater., 2025

[133]

Yang Y, Wang ZF, Du CC, et al. . Decoupling the air sensitivity of Na-layered oxides. Science, 2024, 385: 744-752.

[134]

Wang QD, Zhou D, Zhao CL, et al. . Fast-charge high-voltage layered cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Nat. Sustain., 2024, 7: 338-347.

[135]

Wang XT, Zhang QH, Zhao C, et al. . Achieving a high-performance sodium-ion pouch cell by regulating intergrowth structures in a layered oxide cathode with anionic redox. Nat. Energy, 2024, 9: 184-196.

[136]

Tanibata N, Kondo S, Akatsuka S, et al. . Fast anion redox by amorphization in sodium-ion batteries. Chem. Mater., 2025, 37: 303-312.

[137]

Zhao CL, Wang QD, Lu YX, et al. . Decreasing transition metal triggered oxygen redox activity in Na-deficient oxides. Energy Storage Mater., 2019, 20: 395-400.

[138]

Hong J, Gent WE, Xiao PH, et al. . Metal–oxygen decoordination stabilizes anion redox in Li-rich oxides. Nat. Mater., 2019, 18: 256-265.

[139]

Eum D, Kim B, Song JH, et al. . Coupling structural evolution and oxygen-redox electrochemistry in layered transition metal oxides. Nat. Mater., 2022, 21: 664-672.

[140]

Ben Yahia M, Vergnet J, Saubanère M, et al. . Unified picture of anionic redox in Li/Na-ion batteries. Nat. Mater., 2019, 18: 496-502.

[141]

Grimaud A, Hong WT, Shao-Horn Y, et al. . Anionic redox processes for electrochemical devices. Nat. Mater., 2016, 15: 121-126.

[142]

Ren HX, Li Y, Ni Q, et al. . Unraveling anionic redox for sodium layered oxide cathodes: breakthroughs and perspectives. Adv. Mater., 2022, 342106171

[143]

Tamaru M, Wang XF, Okubo M, et al. . Layered Na₂RuO₃ as a cathode material for Na-ion batteries. Electrochem. Commun., 2013, 33: 23-26.

[144]

Rozier P, Sathiya M, Paulraj AR, et al. . Anionic redox chemistry in Na-rich Na₂Ru₁₋_ySn_yO₃ positive electrode material for Na-ion batteries. Electrochem. Commun., 2015, 53: 29-32.

[145]

Mortemard de Boisse B, Liu GD, Ma JT, et al. . Intermediate honeycomb ordering to trigger oxygen redox chemistry in layered battery electrode. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7: 11397.

[146]

Perez AJ, Batuk D, Saubanère M, et al. . Strong oxygen participation in the redox governing the structural and electrochemical properties of Na-rich layered oxide Na₂ IrO₃. Chem. Mater., 2016, 28: 8278-8288.

[147]

Yabuuchi N, Hara R, Kubota K, et al. . A new electrode material for rechargeable sodium batteries: P2-type Na_2/3 [Mg_0.28 Mn_0.72]O₂ with anomalously high reversible capacity. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2: 16851-16855.

[148]

Ma CZ, Alvarado J, Xu J, et al. . Exploring oxygen activity in the high energy P2-Type Na_0.78Ni_0.23Mn_0.69O₂ cathode material for Na-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139: 4835-4845.

[149]

Kim D, Cho M, Cho K. Rational design of Na(Li_1/3Mn_2/3)O₂ operated by anionic redox reactions for advanced sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater., 2017, 291701788

[150]

Maitra U, House RA, Somerville JW, et al. . Oxygen redox chemistry without excess alkali-metal ions in Na_2/3 [Mg_0.28Mn_0.72] O₂. Nat. Chem., 2018, 10: 288-295.

[151]

Rong XH, Liu J, Hu EY, et al. . Structure-induced reversible anionic redox activity in Na layered oxide cathode. Joule, 2018, 2: 125-140.

[152]

Risthaus T, Zhou D, Cao X, et al. . A high-capacity P2 Na_2/3Ni_1/3Mn_2/3O₂ cathode material for sodium ion batteries with oxygen activity. J. Power. Sources, 2018, 395: 16-24.