A Review of Diagnostic Tools for Evaluating Porous Transport Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolysis

Aroune Ghadbane; Xiao-Zi Yuan; Alison Platt; Ali Malek; Nima Shaigan; Marius Dinu; Samaneh Shahgaldi; Khalid Fatih

doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00256-x

Electrochemical Energy Reviews ›› 2025, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (1) :23 DOI: 10.1007/s41918-025-00256-x

Review Article

review-article

A Review of Diagnostic Tools for Evaluating Porous Transport Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolysis

Author information +

¹Clean Energy Innovation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 4250 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 1W5, Vancouver, BC, Canada

², Hydrogen Research Institute/Institute of Innovations in Ecomaterials, Ecoproducts and Ecoenergy/University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, G9A 5H7, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada

Khalid.Fatih@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

Aroune Ghadbane

Aroune Ghadbane is a Ph.D. student in Energy and Materials at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), conducting his doctoral research at the Clean Energy Innovation (CEI) Research Centre of the National Research Council Canada in Vancouver. He holds a B.Sc. degree in General Engineering from Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, and an M.Sc. degree in Energy Engineering from Sapienza Università di Roma, where he completed his thesis on PEM fuel cells at SINTEF and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. His expertise lies in advanced energy-conversion systems, particularly hydrogen technologies. Aroune’s current work focuses on the development of porous transport layers for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis.

Xiao-Zi Yuan

Xiao-Zi Yuan is a Senior Research Officer at the Clean Energy Innovation (CEI) Research Centre of the National Research Council Canada (NRC). Dr. Yuan received her B.S. and M.Sc. degrees in Applied Chemistry from the Nanjing University of Technology in 1991 and 1994, respectively and her Ph.D. degree in Material Science from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2003. Beginning in 2004, she carried out a three-year postdoctoral research program supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC). Since 2007, Dr. Yuan has been working with NRC. Her research interests include PEM fuel cells, Li-ion batteries, Zn/Li air batteries, and other types of electrochemical devices and energy storage systems, including PEM electrolysis. Her research areas range from cell design, electrode material and structure to cell testing, diagnosis, and durability. In 2014 and 2016, Dr. Yuan was listed as Highly Cited Researcher by Thomson Reuters under the Engineering Section. Since 2019, Dr. Yuan has been classified as the top 2% researchers in the world by Stanford University and listed by Research.com among Top Scientists in the area of engineering & technology.

Alison Platt

Alison Platt is a Research Officer at the Clean Energy Innovation (CEI) Research Centre of the National Research Council Canada (NRC) in Vancouver, British Columbia. She has a BASc degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of British Columbia. Alison’s expertise includes electrochemical evaluation and characterization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers, vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), lithium-ion batteries, and direct liquid fuel cells.

Ali Malek

Ali Malek has been a Research Officer at the Clean Energy Innovation Centre of the National Research Council Canada in Vancouver since 2018. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in theoretical chemistry from the Institute of Physical Chemistry (IChF-PAN), Poland, in 2014, after which he completed a postdoctoral fellowship with Prof. Michael Eikerling at Simon Fraser University. His fundamental research integrates density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with data-driven tools and machine-learning pipelines to accelerate the discovery of next-generation energy materials-spanning CO₂ and nitrogen reduction catalysts (CO₂RR, NRR), oxygen evolution (OER), and high-entropy alloy electrocatalysts, and porous transport layer (PTL) evaluation through automated data retrieval, NLP/LLM extraction, and graph-based predictive modeling.

Nima Shaigan

Nima Shaigan graduated from the University of Alberta with a Ph.D. degree in materials engineering in 2009. Since then, he has been working at National Research Council Canada as a Research Officer. Nima’s research focuses on identifying and resolving material-related issues for clean energy components and devices, particularly for fuel cells and water electrolysers.

Marius Dinu

Marius Dinu is a Research Officer with NRC’s Clean Energy Innovation Research Centre. Marius obtained his M.Sc. degree in Mechatronics at the Gerhard Mercator University in Germany in 2001. His professional background is Mechatronics and System Engineering, starting his engineering career with the development of fuel injection systems for diesel engines at Bosch GmbH in Stuttgart, Germany and later developing planetary gearing technology with Ikona Gear in Canada. Over the last two decades his focus is designing and building experimental electrochemical systems in the area of renewable technologies and bio-energy systems as well as developing fabrication technologies for critical components of fuel cells and electrolyzer components. In a more recent period, his focus area is proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis. Marius is responsible for the research capabilities development and implementation of PEM water electrolysis testing infrastructure, building testing stations and testing cells for PEM water electrolysis used for testing new catalyst formulations with their fabrication technologies, coatings for enhanced durability and performance as well as studying the complex interplay of catalyst coated membranes and porous transport layers. He is also overseeing the PEM water electrolysis testing activities, developing testing protocols, creating testing specification and evaluating testing data.

Samaneh Shahgaldi

Samaneh Shahgaldi is an Associate Professor at the Hydrogen Research Institute, University of Quebec and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Waterloo. She holds the Canada Research Chair (CRC) Tier 2 at proton exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers. She is an award-winning researcher and a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Green Energy. She was also a Senior Research Scientist at Cummins/Hydrogenics dealing with different PEM fuel cell and PEM Water electrolyzer projects. She published more than 70 articles with over 3 000 citations with an h index of 30 on the development of components for fuel cells, electrolysers and batteries. Dr. Shahgaldi has unique interdisciplinary expertise in the renewable energy field; she has made foundational contributions to research in the development of different components for fuel cells, electrolyzer and battery applications. https://shahgaldiresearchgroup.ca/. https://www.linkedin.com/in/samaneh-shahgaldi-b584089/.

Khalid Fatih

Khalid Fatih is a Principal Research Officer and Team Leader at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). He has extensive expertise in electrocatalysis, surface electrochemistry, and electrode kinetics, with applications in fuel cells, redox fuel cells, bio-fuel cells, redox flow batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and electrolysis. One of his primary research interests is the development of materials, and the exploration of both fundamental and applied aspects of water electrolysis for cost-effective hydrogen production. Dr. Fatih leads projects aimed at developing critical materials and components for water electrolysis, as well as understanding performance degradation and failure modes. Over the past decade, Dr. Fatih has also supported Canadian and international regulators, including the Standards Council of Canada, CSA, IEC, Transport Canada, SAE G-27, and UN-Informal Working Groups (EVS-GTR and LiB TDG reclassification), in the development and adoption of battery-related codes, standards, and regulations. Since 2014, he has chaired the Canadian National Battery Committee to IEC TSC-21A.

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Abstract

As a key component of the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE), the porous transport layer (PTL) not only provides mechanical support but also facilitates the supply of reactants to the electrode and the removal of produced gases and ensures efficient electrical and thermal management. Commercially available PTLs are often repurposed for other applications, such as filtration, and are not specifically tailored for PEMWE applications. Given this context, research output on PTL development has increased notably in recent years. Optimized, structured PTLs with preferred properties require applicable, relevant, and convenient diagnostic tools for PTL material development. As such, this work aims to identify and review a wide range of techniques for evaluating developed PTLs, including electrochemical techniques, custom-engineered cells, operando diagnosis, ex situ characterization, and postmortem analysis. By providing detailed information on these characterization techniques, this review aims to catalyze further research and development in the academic and industrial sectors, enhancing the understanding, development, and quality control of PTL components.

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Keywords

Porous transport layer / Diagnosis / Diagnostic tool / PEM water electrolysis / Electrolyzer / Evaluation

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Aroune Ghadbane, Xiao-Zi Yuan, Alison Platt, Ali Malek, Nima Shaigan, Marius Dinu, Samaneh Shahgaldi, Khalid Fatih. A Review of Diagnostic Tools for Evaluating Porous Transport Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolysis. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2025, 8(1): 23 DOI:10.1007/s41918-025-00256-x

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Funding

Office of Energy Research and Development (OERD) and the Advanced Clean Energy (ACE) Program of the National Research Council Canada(project #NRC-23-140)

National Research Council Canada