Foundations, Design Strategies, and Further Considerations for High-Energy Al-S Batteries

Xuefeng Zhang; Yun Tong; Jialiang An; Fan Cheng; Zhuang Wu; Yihan Xue; Zheng Huang; Zhao Fang; Shuqiang Jiao

doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00251-2

Electrochemical Energy Reviews ›› 2025, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (1) :15 DOI: 10.1007/s41918-025-00251-2

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Foundations, Design Strategies, and Further Considerations for High-Energy Al-S Batteries

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¹School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, 710055, Xi’an, Shannxi, China

²State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China

³State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-Ferrous Metal, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

^a fangzhao@xauat.edu.cn

^b sjiao@ustb.edu.cn

Xuefeng Zhang

Xuefeng Zhang is a postdoctoral research fellow at Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT). He received his Ph.D. degree in metallurgical engineering under the supervision of Prof. Shuqiang Jiao at the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) in 2022. His research interests focus mainly on fundamental aluminum-ion rechargeable batteries and electrochemical metallurgy.

Yun Tong

Yun Tong is an M.S. candidate under the supervision of Prof. Fang Zhao at Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT). Her research interests focus mainly on designing and developing single-atom catalysts and heteroatom-doped bidirectional catalysts for high-energy Al-S batteries.

Jialiang An

Jialiang An is a postdoctoral research fellow at the School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT). He received his Ph.D. degree in 2024 from the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB). His research interests focus mainly on electrochemical extraction of metallic vanadium and green electrochemical metallurgy.

Fan Cheng

Fan Cheng is a Ph.D. candidate in metallurgical engineering at Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT). Her research interests focus mainly on the development and design of low-cost, high-safety, and wide-temperature-range electrolytes for metal-ion batteries, such as zinc- and aluminum-ion batteries.

Zhuang Wu

Zhuang Wu is an M.S. candidate at the School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT). His research interests focus mainly on ternary cathode materials for LIBs and novel rechargeable aluminum battery systems.

Yihan Xue

Yihan Xue is an M.S. candidate at the School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT). Her research interests focus mainly on developing and designing stable and reliable current collectors for lithium and aluminum metal batteries.

Zheng Huang

Zheng Huang is an associate research fellow at the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB). He received his Ph.D. degree in metallurgical engineering from USTB in 2023. His research interests focus mainly on electrochemical energy storage and electrochemical metallurgy, such as high-energy Al-S batteries and the preparation of high-silicon steel via molten salt electrolysis.

Zhao Fang

Zhao Fang is currently a professor in School of Metallurgical Engineering at Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT). In 2011, he received his Ph.D. degree in non-ferrous metallurgy at Central South University (CSU). His research focuses on study of electrode kinetics for aluminum electrolysis, electrochemical metallurgy, and rechargeable batteries as well as smart structures and systems.

Shuqiang Jiao

Shuqiang Jiao is the vice president of the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) and Lanzhou University of Technology (LUT). He received his Ph.D. degree in metallurgical physical chemistry from USTB in 2006. After postdoctoral research at the University of Cambridge and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2006–2009), he joined USTB as a professor in 2009. His research interests strongly lie in new extraction and refinement approaches for metal titanium, novel rechargeable aluminum batteries, inert anodes, molten oxide electrolysis, and electrochemical capture and transformation of CO₂.

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Abstract

Aluminum-sulfur (Al-S) batteries have emerged as promising contenders in high-energy battery systems, have attracted significant research interest over the past decade because of their distinctive attributes, such as high capacity, high energy density, abundance, enhanced safety, and cost effectiveness, and have been rapidly developed. However, this novel energy conversion system still faces considerable challenges fundamentally attributed to the sluggish conversion kinetics induced by the inherent high charge density of Al³⁺ and to the severe shuttle effect. Increasing numbers of targeted strategies have significantly alleviated these issues. Nevertheless, an in-depth understanding and a systematic review to guide the enhancement of Al-S batteries are lacking. Hence, in this review, we first demonstrate the foundations of Al-S batteries, including their development history, fundamentals, crucial issues, and design principles. Subsequently, we present a comprehensive understanding and a discussion of the current strategies for different battery configurations. Finally, we offer some insights into crucial challenges and prospective solutions according to current developments, shedding some light on the future development of Al-S batteries.

Graphical Abstract

Aluminum-sulfur (Al-S) batteries are considered excellent candidates for future largescaleenergy storage technology because of their high capacity, high energy density,high safety, and low cost. This article reviews the key issues and challenges for Al-Sbatteries, providing a comprehensive summary and an analysis of the developmentstrategies for each battery component. Finally, this article offers practical strategies fordeveloping future high-performance conversion-type Al-S batteries, consideringopportunities and directions for their development.103

Keywords

Al-S batteries / Sulfur positive electrode / Electrolytes / Modified separator / Aluminum negative electrode

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Xuefeng Zhang, Yun Tong, Jialiang An, Fan Cheng, Zhuang Wu, Yihan Xue, Zheng Huang, Zhao Fang, Shuqiang Jiao. Foundations, Design Strategies, and Further Considerations for High-Energy Al-S Batteries. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2025, 8(1): 15 DOI:10.1007/s41918-025-00251-2

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