The Origin, Characterization, and Precise Design and Regulation of Diverse Hard Carbon Structures for Targeted Applications in Lithium-/Sodium-/Potassium-Ion Batteries

Junjie Liu; Ling Huang; Huiqun Wang; Liyuan Sha; Miao Liu; Zhefei Sun; Jiawei Gu; Haodong Liu; Jinbao Zhao; Qiaobao Zhang; Li Zhang

doi:10.1007/s41918-024-00234-9

Electrochemical Energy Reviews ›› 2024, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (1) :34 DOI: 10.1007/s41918-024-00234-9

Review Article

review-article

The Origin, Characterization, and Precise Design and Regulation of Diverse Hard Carbon Structures for Targeted Applications in Lithium-/Sodium-/Potassium-Ion Batteries

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¹State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, China

², Longmen Laboratory, 471023, Luoyang, Henan, China

³Center for Memory and Recording Research Building, UC San Diego, 92093, La Jolla, CA, USA

⁴, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

zhangqiaobao@xmu.edu.cn

zhangli81@xmu.edu.cn

Junjie Liu

Junjie Liu is now studying for the master’s degree at Xiamen University, China, under the supervision of Prof. Jinbao Zhao and Prof. Li Zhang. His research interests focus on advanced carbon materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Ling Huang

Ling Huang is now studying for the master’s degree at Xiamen University of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China, under the supervision of Prof. Li Zhang. Her research interests focus on modifications of carbon materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Huiqun Wang

Huiqun Wang is now studying for the master's degree at Xiamen University, China, under the supervision of Prof. Li Zhang. Her research interests focus on improving high specific energy anode materials for lithium batteries.

Liyuan Sha

Liyuan Sha is now studying for the master’s degree at Xiamen University, China, under the supervision of Prof. Li Zhang. His research interests focus on carbon-based anode material for lithium-/sodium-ion batteries.

Miao Liu

Miao Liu is currently working as Postdoctoral Associate in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Xiamen University. She received B.S. degree and M.S. degree from the Xi'an Technological University and the South China Normal University in 2016 and 2019, respectively. She obtained Ph.D. degree from Hunan university in 2023. Her research interests lie in the development and design of novel materials and novel electrolytes in energy storage and conversion devices, such as low-temperature sodium-ion batteries and potassium-ion batteries.

Zhefei Sun

Zhefei Sun received his Bachelor’s degree at the College of Materials Science and Engineering from Nanjing Tech University in 2020. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, at Xiamen University, under the supervision of Prof. Qiaobao Zhang. His research interests focus on in situ TEM characterization of high-capacity electrode materials and solid-state electrolytes for alkali metal-ion batteries and solid-state batteries.

Jiawei Gu

Jiawei Gu is now studying for the master’s degree at Xiamen University of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China, under the supervision of Prof. Li Zhang. His research interests focus on high-performance anode materials for sodium/potassium-ion batteries.

Haodong Liu

Haodong Liu worked as a project scientist at UC San Diego, where he earned his Ph.D. degree in Nanoengineering. He is an expert in a variety of electrochemical systems and in the design, synthesis, processing, and characterization of advanced electrode materials for Li-ion batteries and novel electrolytes for Li-metal batteries. He has more than 120 papers with an H-index of 53 and been recognized as a highly cited researcher from 2023 by Clarivate.

Jinbao Zhao

Jinbao Zhao is currently a professor in the State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, at Xiamen University, China. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from the Kyoto University in 1996. His current research focuses on high-performance lithium-ion batteries, green and efficient fuel cells and other chemical energy storage system related research work from the foundation and application of both sides.

Qiaobao Zhang

Qiaobao Zhang is currently a professor in the State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, at Xiamen University, China. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from the City University of Hong Kong in 2016. His current research focuses on the fundamental issues relevant to energy storage systems including Li/Na/K/Zn-ion batteries and solid-state batteries, especially on pivotal electrode materials, interfacial properties, and the development of in situ characterization techniques. He has published one authored book and more than 200 papers with an H-index of 66 and been recognized as a highly cited researcher from 2022 by Clarivate.

Li Zhang

Li Zhang is currently a professor in the State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, at Xiamen University, China. He obtained his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Xiamen University in 2003 and 2008, respectively. His current research focuses on the mass production technology of advanced battery materials, organic electrode materials, all-solid-state electrolytes and transient thermal synthesis. He has published more than 80 papers as a corresponding author.

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Abstract

Hard carbon, a prominent member of carbonaceous materials, shows immense potential as a high-performance anode for energy storage in batteries, attracting significant attention. Its structural diversity offers superior performance and high tunability, making it ideal for use as an anode in lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and potassium-ion batteries. To develop higher-performance hard carbon anode materials, extensive research has been conducted to understand the storage mechanisms of alkali metal ions in hard carbon. Building on this foundation, this paper provides an in-depth review of the relationship between the structure of hard carbon and its electrochemical properties with alkali metal ions. It emphasizes the structural design and characterization of hard carbon, the storage mechanisms of alkali metal ions, and key strategies for structural modulation. Additionally, it offers a forward-looking perspective on the future potential of hard carbon. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of hard carbon anodes in battery research and highlights the promising future of this rapidly evolving field in advancing the development of next-generation alkali metal-ion batteries.

Graphical Abstract

This review comprehensively summarizes the origin, characterization, and precise design and regulation of diverse hard carbon structures, and explores their specific applications in lithium/sodium/potassium-ion batteries and future development prospects.

Keywords

Hard carbon / Alkali metal ion batteries / Structure design strategy / Electrochemical energy storage / Storage mechanism

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Junjie Liu, Ling Huang, Huiqun Wang, Liyuan Sha, Miao Liu, Zhefei Sun, Jiawei Gu, Haodong Liu, Jinbao Zhao, Qiaobao Zhang, Li Zhang. The Origin, Characterization, and Precise Design and Regulation of Diverse Hard Carbon Structures for Targeted Applications in Lithium-/Sodium-/Potassium-Ion Batteries. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2024, 7(1): 34 DOI:10.1007/s41918-024-00234-9

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