Effects of Crystallinity and Defects of Layered Carbon Materials on Potassium Storage: A Review and Prediction

Xiaoxu Liu; Tianyi Ji; Hai Guo; Hui Wang; Junqi Li; Hui Liu; Zexiang Shen

doi:10.1007/s41918-021-00114-6

Electrochemical Energy Reviews ›› 2021, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (2) : 401 -433. DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00114-6

Review Article

Effects of Crystallinity and Defects of Layered Carbon Materials on Potassium Storage: A Review and Prediction

Xiaoxu Liu ¹^,²^,^a
, Tianyi Ji ¹
, Hai Guo ³^,^c
, Hui Wang ²
, Junqi Li ¹
, Hui Liu ¹
, Zexiang Shen ²^,^g

Author information +

¹Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 710021, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

²Division of Physics and Applied Physics School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore, Singapore

³College of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian Minzu University, 116650, Dalian, Liaoning, China

^a xiaoxuliu@sust.edu.cn

^c guohai@dlnu.edu.cn

^g zexiang@ntu.edu.sg

Xiaoxu Liu

received the Ph.D in the College of Materials Science and Engineering, from the Harbin University of Science and Technology (2012). He was a research fellow in the School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at the Nanyang Technological University. He is a Professor in the Shaanxi University of Science and Technology. His current research interests mainly focus on design, fabrication and application of carbon-based composite.

Tianyi Ji

is currently carrying out the Master degree in the Shaanxi University of Science and Technology following the Prof. Xiaoxu Liu. He graduated from the Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology in 2015. His research direction is the application of carbon-based materials in the field of secondary batteries.

Hai Guo

received the B.S. in Electronic Engineering from the Heilongjiang University, in 2000, the M.S. in Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems from the Kunming University of Science and Technology, in 2004, and the Ph.D. degree in Material Science from the Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China. Since 2003, he has been an Associate Professor with the College of Computer Science and Engineering, Dalian Minzu University. He has authored over 30 articles in international journals and conference proceedings. His current research interests include pattern recognition and their applications.

Hui Wang

received his Master degree in Material Science in 2020 from the School of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University. He has great research interests in the design and synthesis of gas electrodes for metal-gas batteries.

Junqi Li

is a professor in the Shaanxi University of Science and Technology. In 2000, he received the Bachelor degree from Chang'an University, and the Master and Doctor degrees were obtained from Northwestern Polytechnical University. He mainly focuses on energy materials and is engaged in the construction and optimization of the hydrogen production system by photo/electrodecomposition of water and related electrode materials.

Hui Liu

is a professor in the Shaanxi University of Science and Technology. He received his Bachelor and Master degrees from Northwest University and the Ph.D from the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University in 2008. His major is material physics and chemistry. In recent years, he has published over 100 research papers in international journals. His research interests mainly focus on the design and construction of nanomaterials for the application of the energy and catalysis field.

Zexiang Shen

is with the School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences since the School started in 2005. He is currently the Associate Chair for Academic and Graduate Studies, Nanyang Technological University. He received his Bachelor degree in Physics from Jilin University and Ph.D. degrees from the King's College, University of London, respectively. He has published over 200 research papers in international journals. His research interests include Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, graphene and graphene composite materials for electrochemical energy storage—ion batteries, supercapacitors, flexible batteries for bendable electronics.

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Abstract

Layered carbon materials (LCMs) are composed of basic carbon layer units, such as graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, and graphene. While they have been widely applied in the anode of potassium-ion batteries, the potassium storage mechanisms and performances of various LCMs are isolated and difficult to relate to each other. More importantly, there is a lack of a systematic understanding of the correlation between the basic microstructural unit (crystallinity and defects) and the potassium storage behavior. In this review, we explored the key structural factors affecting the potassium storage in LCMs, namely, the crystallinity and defects of carbon layers, and the key parameters (L _a, L _c, d ₀₀₂, I _D/I _G) that characterize the crystallinity and defects of different carbon materials were extracted from various databases and literature sources. A structure–property database of LCMs was thus built, and the effects of these key structural parameters on the potassium storage properties, including the capacity, the rate and the working voltage plateau, were systematically analyzed. Based on the structure–property database analysis and the guidance of thermodynamics and kinetics, a relationship between various LCMs and potassium storage properties was established. Finally, with the help of machine learning, the key structural parameters of layered carbon anodes were used for the first time to predict the potassium storage performance so that the large amount of research data in the database could more effectively guide the scientific research and engineering application of LCMs in the future.

Graphic Abstract

A research review on layered carbon materials for potassium ion batteries is presented. The key structure factors, i.e. crystallinity and defects, have an essential effect on potassium storage properties. The key structure parameters that characterize the crystallinity and defects of different carbon materials were discussed. Furthermore, the structure–property database was established and applied. This work made a very kind attempt for future exploration.

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Xiaoxu Liu, Tianyi Ji, Hai Guo, Hui Wang, Junqi Li, Hui Liu, Zexiang Shen. Effects of Crystallinity and Defects of Layered Carbon Materials on Potassium Storage: A Review and Prediction. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2021, 5(2): 401-433 DOI:10.1007/s41918-021-00114-6