Nitrophenols are environmental pollutants found in waterways and the atmosphere, which can be a significant source of nitrous acid under UV light. In this work, we investigate nitrophenols in aqueous solution upon UV irradiation with a suite of steady-state and ultrafast electronic and vibrational spectroscopies. We find that ortho- and para-nitrophenol are highly sensitive to zinc as a heterogeneous catalyst, accelerating the transformation of nitrophenols with/without UV light. Steady-state absorption, femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), and quantum calculations reveal that UV light triggers excited-state intramolecular proton transfer to form an aci-nitro intermediate that is stabilized by zinc. We photoexcite the metastable intermediate and obtain femtosecond transient absorption signatures. The redshifted ground-state absorption and lengthened excited-state lifetime of the aci-nitro intermediate are beneficial for photocatalytic removal with irradiation greater than 400 nm. Furthermore, the water O–H stretching band is tracked by FSRS to unveil a uniquely active role of water during the catalytic reaction of ortho-nitrophenol, rationalizing its reduced photosensitivity in organic solvents such as methanol. These neat treatment strategies are also applied to para- and meta-nitrophenol and nitrophenolate. Our mechanistic insights into the photosensitivity of nitrophenols can inspire more effective cost-efficient treatment strategies for atmospheric aerosols and water systems.
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