Regulating Lithium Metal Nucleation and Growth for Dendrite Suppression: from Liquid-Electrolyte to Solid-State Batteries

Ao Du; Juan Zhang; Pan Xu; Ya-Jie Li; Kang-Yu Yi; Zhen-Zhen Shen; Hui-Lin Ge; Guang-Wen Zhang; Chao-Hui Zhang; Yu-Hao Wang; Chen-Zi Zhao; Meng-Yang Xu; Yu-Lin Jie; Rui Wen; Shu-Hong Jiao; Si-Qi Shi; Qiang Zhang; Chun-Peng Yang; Yu-Guo Guo

doi:10.61558/2993-074X.3594

Journal of Electrochemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11) : 2516001 DOI: 10.61558/2993-074X.3594

REVIEW

research-article

Regulating Lithium Metal Nucleation and Growth for Dendrite Suppression: from Liquid-Electrolyte to Solid-State Batteries

Ao Du ^a^,^#
, Juan Zhang ^b^,^#
, Pan Xu ^c^,^#
, Ya-Jie Li ^d^,^#
, Kang-Yu Yi ^e^,^#
, Zhen-Zhen Shen ^b^,^#
, Hui-Lin Ge ^a
, Guang-Wen Zhang ^a
, Chao-Hui Zhang ^b
, Yu-Hao Wang ^b
, Chen-Zi Zhao ^c^,^g
, Meng-Yang Xu ^d
, Yu-Lin Jie ^e
, Rui Wen ^b^,^f^,^*
, Shu-Hong Jiao ^e^,^*
, Si-Qi Shi ^d^,ⁱ^,^*
, Qiang Zhang ^c^,^g^,^h^,^*
, Chun-Peng Yang ^a^,^*
, Yu-Guo Guo ^b^,^f^,^*

Author information +

^a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China

^b CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China

^c Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid-State Batteries & Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China

^d State Key Laboratory of Materials for Advanced Nuclear Energy & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China

^e State Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China

^f School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China

^g The Innovation Center for Smart Solid State Batteries, Yibin 644002, Sichuan, P. R. China

^h Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China

ⁱ Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China

^j State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology of Materials Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China

*Chun-Peng Yang, E-mail: cpyang@tju.edu.cn,

Yu-Guo Guo, E-mail: ygguo@iccas.ac.cn,

Rui We, E-mail: ruiwen@iccas.ac.cn,

Qiang Zhang, E-mail: zhang-qiang@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn,

Si-Qi Shi, E-mail: sqshi@shu.edu.cn,

Shu-Hong Jiao, E-mail: jiaosh@ustc.edu.cn

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Abstract

Lithium metal anodes, with a theoretical capacity of up to 3860 mAh·g⁻¹, are regarded as the cornerstone for developing next-generation high-energy-density batteries. However, several key challenges hinder their practical applications, including dendrite formation, unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), side reactions with electrolytes, and associated safety risks. This review systematically explores the mechanisms of lithium nucleation, growth, and stripping in both liquid and solid-state battery systems, analyzing critical theoretical concepts like heterogeneous nucleation thermodynamics, surface diffusion kinetics, space charge effects, and SEI-induced nucleation, which are crucial for understanding the genesis of dendrite growth. Additionally, the review discusses the electrochemical-mechanical coupling failures that lead to SEI degradation and the formation of dead lithium. For liquid systems, the review proposes strategies to mitigate dendrite formation and SEI instability, which include electrolyte optimization, artificial SEI design, and electrode framework design. In solid-state batteries, the review offers a granular analysis of the interface challenges associated with polymer, sulfide, and halide electrolytes and summarizes different solutions for different solid-state electrolytes. Meanwhile, the review emphasizes the importance of advanced characterization techniques and computational modeling in understanding and regulating the interface between lithium metal and electrolytes. Looking ahead, the review highlights future research directions that emphasize the integration of cross-disciplinary approaches to tackle these interconnected challenges. By addressing these issues, the path will be clear for the rapid commercialization and widespread application of lithium metal batteries, bringing us closer to realizing stable, high-energy-density batteries that can satisfy the escalating demands of modern energy storage applications across various industries.

Keywords

Lithium metal anodes / Solid electrolyte interphase / Lithium dendrite / Liquid-electrolyte battery / Solid-state battery

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Ao Du, Juan Zhang, Pan Xu, Ya-Jie Li, Kang-Yu Yi, Zhen-Zhen Shen, Hui-Lin Ge, Guang-Wen Zhang, Chao-Hui Zhang, Yu-Hao Wang, Chen-Zi Zhao, Meng-Yang Xu, Yu-Lin Jie, Rui Wen, Shu-Hong Jiao, Si-Qi Shi, Qiang Zhang, Chun-Peng Yang, Yu-Guo Guo. Regulating Lithium Metal Nucleation and Growth for Dendrite Suppression: from Liquid-Electrolyte to Solid-State Batteries. Journal of Electrochemistry, 2025, 31(11): 2516001 DOI:10.61558/2993-074X.3594

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Acknowledgements

The work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 22379108, 52202279, 52225105, 22279127, 22425403, 92372125, 22421001, 22205241, 22425403, 92372125, 22421001, 22205241, 92472207, 52472223, 52102280, 22393900 and 22209010), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2021YFF0500600 and 2021YFB2500300), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. WK9990000170), and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDB1040300 and XDB1040000).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data Availability

This review does not involve the use of primary data. All information is based on previously published studies.

Author contributions

Yu-Guo Guo: Conceptualization (Lead); Funding acquisition (Lead), Investigation (Lead), Supervision (Lead), Writing - review & editing (Equal); Ao Du: Data curation (Lead), Visualization (Lead), Writing - original draft (Lead); Juan Zhang: Writing - review & editing (Equal); Rui Wen: Writing - review & editing (Equal), Shu-Hong Jiao: Writing - review & editing (Equal); Si-Qi Shi: Writing - review & editing (Equal); Qiang Zhang: Writing - review & editing (Equal); Chun-Peng Yang: Writing - original draft (Equal); Writing - review & editing (Equal)

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