An Electrochemiluminescence-Based Arsenic (III) Sensor using Luminol on Screen-Printed Gold Electrodes

Abstract

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of luminol has been studied on a screen-printed gold electrode for a simple and sensitive detection of arsenic ions (As(III)). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was applied as the proposed technique to study luminol's electrochemical behavior and to evaluate the arsenic’s effect in the ECL system, while hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) served as a co-reactant to enhance luminol’s light emission under alkaline conditions. To achieve optimal electrode performance, key parameters including pH, scan rate, and the concentrations of H₂O₂ and luminol were carefully optimized. The presence of As(III) induced a quenching effect on the luminol/H₂O₂ ECL system, leading to a linear decrease in ECL signal across the wide concentration range of 1 nmol·L^-1 to 150 µmol·L^-1. The system demonstrated a low detection limit of 1.21 nmol·L^-1 and exhibited excellent repeatability with a relative standard deviation of 2.27%, highlighting its sensitivity and reliability for As(III) detection. A key advantage of this study was the successful use of commercial bare electrodes, which were readily available and required no modifications, proving their effectiveness for ECL-based arsenic sensing. The optimized buffer solution pH of 10 played a critical role in enhancing arsenic detection selectivity, as it facilitated the optimal deprotonation of luminol and ensured arsenic remained in its dissolved state, whereas other potential metal ion interferences were more likely to form solid metal (hydro)oxides. Furthermore, the developed sensor was successfully applied for As(III) detection in a seawater matrix, demonstrating its potential as a robust and effective ECL-based arsenic sensor for environmental applications.

Keywords

Arsenic (III) detection / Electrochemiluminescence / Gold electrode / Hydrogen peroxide / Quenching effect

Author Contributions

Harmesa Harmesa: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Isnaini Rahmawati: Formal analysis, Investigation, Andrea Fiorani: Supervision, Validation, Yasuaki Einaga: Conceptualization, Supervision, Eny Kusrini: Funding acquisition, Methodology, A'an Johan Wahyudi: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Asep Saefumillah: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Tribidasari A. Ivandini: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review & editing.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing interests.

Supporting Information

Supporting information for this article is available.

Data Availability

Data will be made available on request.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by Directorate of Research and Development, Universitas Indonesia under Bilateral Strategic Alliance (UI-UTM BISA) Research Collaboration Agreement (Matching Fund) 2023 (Grant No. NKB-1181/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2023).

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